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[[File:Sir-Somerset-Arthur-Gough-Calthorpe, NPG x88138.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Admiral of the Fleet Calthorpe, June, 1925.<br><small>Portrait: © National Portrait Gallery, London.</small>]]
[[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] {{HONSIR}} '''Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe''', {{Post-Nominals|country=GBR-cats|G.C.B.m|G.C.M.G.|C.B.c|C.V.O.}}, R.N. (23 December, 1864 &ndash; 27 July, 1937) was an officer of the [[Royal Navy]].
==Early Life & Career==
The Honourable Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, the younger son of Somerset Frederick, seventh Lord Calthorpe, by his wife, Eliza Maria, only child of Captain Frederick Chamier, R.N., and widow of Captain Frederick Crewe, was born in London 23 December 1864.
Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of {{LieutRN}} with seniority of 19 March, 1886.
==Commander==
Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of {{CommRN}} on 1 January, 1896,{{Gaz|26694|7532|31 December, 1895}} for services on the West and East Coasts of Africa.{{Gaz|26696|4|3 January, 1896}}  On 5 March, 1896, he was appointed as Commander of the {{UK-Imperieuse}}, flagship of the [[Pacific Station (Royal Navy)|Pacific Station]].  He remained in her until she paid off on 31 August, 1899.<ref>ADM 196/42.  f. 264.</ref>
On 3 January, 1900, he was appointed to ''Vernon'' for revision of the Torpedo Manual, and on 15 September was appointed in command of the gunboat ''Halcyon'' in the Mediterranean.  ''Halcyon'' paid off on 7 May, 1901.  He was appointed in command of the {{UK-2Pandora|f=t}} for the man&oelig;uvres on 16 July, and on 30 September was appointed to the Royal Naval College at Greenwich for study.<ref>ADM 196/42.  f. 264.</ref>
==Captain==
Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of {{CaptRN}} on 1 January, 1902.{{Gaz|27393|3|3 January, 1902}}  From that date he was reappointed to the Royal Naval College.  On 1 March he was appointed Naval Attaché at Saint Petersburg and Rome.<ref>ADM 196/42.  f. 264.</ref>
On 1 November, 1905, he was appointed in command of the new {{UK-Roxburgh|f=t}}.<ref>ADM 196/42.  f. 264.</ref>  He was appointed a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order dated 25 September, 1906.{{Gaz|27960|7108|23 October, 1906}}
He was superseded in command of ''Roxburgh'' on 19 December, 1907, and appointed in command of the battleship {{UK-1Hindustan}} in the [[Channel Fleet (Royal Navy)|Channel Fleet]] on 10 January, 1908.  He remained in command until 16 December, 1909.<ref>{{TNA|ADM 196/42.}}  f. 264.</ref>
Gough-Calthorpe was appointed to {{UK-Dreadnought}} as Captain of the Fleet of the [[Home Fleet (Royal Navy)|Home Fleet]] and {{Com1RN}} on 16 December, 1909.<ref>ADM 196/42.  f. 264.</ref>
He was promoted Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (C.V.O.) dated 29 July, 1910.{{Gaz|28403|5581|2 August, 1910}}
==Flag Rank==
[[File:Calthorpe as a Flag Officer (LoC).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Admiral of the Fleet Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, seen as a Rear-Admiral.<br><small>Photo: Library of Congress.</small>]]
[[File:Calthorpe as a Flag Officer (LoC).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Admiral of the Fleet Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, seen as a Rear-Admiral.<br><small>Photo: Library of Congress.</small>]]
Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of {{RearRN}} on 27 August, 1911, vice [[Ernest Alfred Simons|Simons]].{{Gaz|28526|6373|29 August, 1911}}


[[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] {{SIR}} '''Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe''', G.C.B., G.C.M.G., C.V.O., Royal Navy (23 December, 1864 &ndash; 27 July, 1937) was an officer of the [[Royal Navy]].
He was appointed an Ordinary Member of the Third Class, or Companion, in the Civil Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.) on 21 September, 1912.{{Gaz|28648|7107|27 September, 1912}} He was invested with the insignia of the order by the King in an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 10 October.<ref>"Court Circular" (Court and Social).  ''The Times''. Friday, 11 October, 1912. Issue '''40027''', col A, p. 9.</ref>


==Early Life & Career==
==Great War==
Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, the younger son of Somerset Frederick, seventh Lord Calthorpe, by his wife, Eliza Maria, only child of Captain Frederick Chamier, R.N., and widow of Captain Frederick Crewe, was born in London 23 December 1864.
Gough-Calthorpe had succeeded [[Charles Edward Madden, First Baronet|Charles Madden]] in command of the {{UK-CS|2}} on 29 July, 1914.{{UKCeased|f. 13}}  On 11 March, 1915, he was appointed Acting Vice-Admiral as senior cruiser admiral in the [[Grand Fleet]].


Calthorpe entered the Royal Navy from the training ship ''Britannia'' in 1878. He soon made his mark, gaining special promotion to lieutenant in 1886 for meritorious examinations. In 1887 he was posted to the [[H.M.S. Vernon (Torpedo Training School)|''Vernon'']] in order to qualify in torpedoes. He was promoted to {{CommRN}} in 1896 for active service on the Africa station; he served in the latter rank for six years, five of which were spent at sea, and was promoted {{CaptRN}} in 1902. As a captain he was for three years naval attaché to Russia, Sweden, and Norway, after which he commanded the cruiser ''Roxburgh'', the battleship [[H.M.S. Hindustan (1903)|''Hindustan'']], and was [[Captain of the Fleet]] (Commodore, First class) of the Home Fleet until his promotion to {{RearRN}} on 27 August, 1911, vice [[Ernest Alfred Simons|Simons]]. He was Rear-Admiral in the [[First Battle Squadron (Royal Navy)|First Battle Squadron]] (1912–1913) with his flag in the [[H.M.S. St. Vincent (1908)|''St. Vincent'']], Rear- and Vice-Admiral in command of the [[Second Cruiser Squadron (Royal Navy)|Second Cruiser Squadron]] (1914–1916) (flag in the ''Shannon''), [[Second Sea Lord]] and [[Admiral Commanding Coastguard and Reserves]] (1916–1917), and British [[Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet (Royal Navy)|Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean]] (1917–1919) (flag in the ''Egmont'', ''Superb'', and ''Iron Duke''). He was promoted to {{AdmRN}} in 1919 and was [[Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth]], from 1920 to 1923. In July, 1924 he became First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to King George V and held this, his last service appointment, until his promotion to {{FleetRN}} in May 1925. This was an exceptional record of continuous service and testifies to the esteem in which he was held by his superior officers afloat and at the Admiralty. As a lieutenant he was perhaps fortunate in seeing active service when such opportunities were rare. As commander he was a highly successful executive officer, and as captain he was noted for handling his ships well and for getting the best results from his officers and men.
On 1 January, 1916, he was knighted and appointed an Additional Member of the Second Class, or Knight Commander, in the Military Division of the Order of the Bath (K.C.B.).{{GazSup|29423|80|31 December, 1915}}


Having spent part of his boyhood in France Calthorpe spoke French fluently and was a student of French history. This was to prove a great asset to him when naval attaché in Russia and in the high appointments which he held later. When [[Captain of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Captain of the Fleet]] to Sir [[William Henry May]], who initiated great advances in the battle tactics of a modern fleet, he was an invaluable adviser and assistant to his chief, who made handsome acknowledgement of the fact. In 1912, as a result of the ''Titanic'' disaster, a Board of Trade committee was appointed to make recommendations for the increased safety of life at sea. J. C. Bigham, Viscount Mersey, was president and Calthorpe was the Admiralty's representative. Their conclusions were of great practical value and were adopted and passed into law without delay or amendment.
He was appointed to ''President'' for duty at the admiralty on 1 June, 1916, (and therefore missed the [[Battle of Jutland]]) and on 1 July became a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty and [[Second Sea Lord]], with the rank of Acting Vice-Admiral.<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. {{TNA|ADM 196/42}}. f. 130/264.</ref>


In the battle squadron and cruiser squadron commands that Calthorpe held as a rear-admiral no signal opportunities of distinction presented themselves, but in August 1917 he was given command of all the British naval forces in the Mediterranean. Supreme command was vested in the Allied (French) commander-in-chief, Admiral Gauchet, but this officer was never active in direction or guidance and Calthorpe, as president of a mixed commission at Malta of French, Italian, and Japanese admirals, bore the main responsibility for the defence of Allied trade throughout the Mediterranean, and the operations against Turkey. He controlled, in addition to vessels of those nations and of the United States of America and Greece, over a thousand ships, large and small, flying the white ensign. His measures were successful, and as the climax of the war approached the probability of a Turkish capitulation became evident.
On 26 April, 1917, Gough-Calthorpe was confirmed in the rank of {{ViceRN}}.{{Gaz|30037|3955|27 April, 1917}}  On 8 August, 1917, he was appointed [[Mediterranean Station|Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean]], and assumed command on 26 August.{{SMNLJun18|p. 7}}


On 22 October, 1918 Calthorpe was empowered by the Admiralty to conclude an armistice with Turkey, acting as sole negotiator on behalf of all the Allies. His position in so doing was a delicate one. French agreement to this procedure was apparently lacking and expostulations were immediately forthcoming from the French government and, what made matters still more difficult, from his nominal superior officer, Gauchet. Prescience had, however, already taken Calthorpe to Mudros, the Turkish plenipotentiaries were fetched by a British cruiser, the discussions were expedited by his skilful and rapid diplomacy, and the armistice was signed on 30 October. The ''fait accompli'' was perforce accepted, and it is not surprising that the Allied fleet, British, French, Italian, and Greek, which passed the Dardanelles and anchored off Constantinople on 13 November was led by the British flagship and commanded by the British commander-in-chief. He was at once also nominated British high commissioner in Turkey and fulfilled the duties of both appointments with striking success, in the face of Turkish intrigues, Allied dissensions, a French naval mutiny, and a spasmodic state of war with Bolshevist Russia until his relief a year later. Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of {{AdmRN}} on 31 July, 1919, in place of [[Henry Bradwardine Jackson|Sir Henry Jackson]], promoted to the rank of {{FleetRN}}.<ref>''London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31489/pages/9961 no. 31489.  p. 9961.]  5 August, 1919.</ref>
On 22 October, 1918 Calthorpe was empowered by the Admiralty to conclude an armistice with Turkey, acting as sole negotiator on behalf of all the Allies as High Commissioner of H. M. Government at Constantinople. He completed this assignment on 26 August, 1919.<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42}}. f. 130/264.</ref>


Calthorpe's subsequent service as commander-in-chief, Portsmouth, and as Admiralty representative on the armament commission of the League of Nations, although less momentous, was in the highest traditions of the naval service, and his promotion to admiral of the fleet was a fitting recognition of all that he had accomplished for the navy and the nation. His character was an admirable blend of simplicity and sagacity, moderation and firmness, prudence and prompt decision; he had great charm of manner, and was the soul of honour. Self-seeking ambition or advertisement were wholly alien to his nature, and he commanded the complete confidence and affection of his colleagues and subordinates in the Royal Navy, and of the many foreign officers of high rank who served with him, or under his direction, in the war of 1914–1918.
==Post-War==
Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of {{AdmRN}} on 31 July, 1919, in place of [[Henry Bradwardine Jackson|Sir Henry Jackson]], promoted to the rank of {{FleetRN}}.{{Gaz|31489|9961|5 August, 1919}}


Calthorpe was awarded many British and Allied decorations, including the C.V.O. (1910), the G.C.M.G. (1919), the G.C.B. (1922), and the highest orders of France, Italy, Greece, Rumania, China, Japan, and the United States.
Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of {{FleetRN}} on 8 May, 1925.{{Gaz|33049|3445|22 May, 1925}}  He was placed on the Retired List on 8 May, 1930.{{Gaz|33604|2867|9 May, 1930}}


On his retirement from the navy in 1930 Calthorpe resided in the Isle of Wight where he was a D.L. and a J.P. and a notable supporter of all good causes in that locality. He married in 1900 Effie, daughter of Robert Dunsmuir, of Victoria, British Columbia, and had no issue.  The events of the 1905 Russian Revolution affected both Gough-Calthorpe and his wife deeply and the aftermath stayed with her for many years afterwards, "the great tragedy of his life".<ref>Recollection of Hubert Lynes, Gough-Calthorpe's Secretary in the Eastern Mediterranean.  RNMN/LYNES.  Liddle Collection, University of Leeds.</ref>  He died at Ryde on 27 July, 1937.
The events of the 1905 Russian Revolution affected both Gough-Calthorpe and his wife deeply and the aftermath stayed with her for many years afterwards. "The great tragedy of his life," his Secretary later recalled.<ref>Recollection of Hubert Lynes, Gough-Calthorpe's Secretary in the Eastern Mediterranean.  RNMN/LYNES.  Liddle Collection, University of Leeds.</ref>  He died at Ryde on 27 July, 1937.


There is a portrait of Calthorpe by Philip Connard, painted on board the ''Superb'' in 1919, at the Imperial War Museum.
A portrait of Gough-Calthorpe by Philip Connard, painted on board the {{UK-Superb}} in 1919, is in the collection of the Imperial War Museum.


==Footnotes==
==See Also==
{{reflist}}
{{WP|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Gough-Calthorpe}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*"Sir Somerset Gough Calthorpe" (Obituaries).  ''The Times''.  Wednesday, 28 July, 1934.  Issue '''47748''', col B, pg. 16.
*"Sir Somerset Gough Calthorpe" (Obituaries).  ''The Times''.  Wednesday, 28 July, 1934.  Issue '''47748''', col B, p. 16.
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==Images==
==Images==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*[http://collections.iwm.org.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.41847 1918 Philip Connard portrait in the possession of the Imperial War Museum, Catalogue Number IWM ART 2494.]
*1918 Philip Connard portrait in the possession of the Imperial War Museum, Catalogue Number IWM ART 2494.
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==Service Record==
==Service Records==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*The National Archives.  [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7894531&queryType=1&resultcount=2 ADM 196/42.]
*{{TNA|ADM 196/87.|D8115358}}
*The National Archives.  [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7906184&queryType=1&resultcount=2 ADM 196/20.]
*{{TNA|ADM 196/42.|D7579064}}
*{{TNA|ADM 196/20.|D7590707}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


[[Category:1864 births|Gough-Calthorpe]]
 
[[Category:1937 deaths|Gough-Calthorpe]]
<div name=fredbot:appts>{{TabApptsBegin}}
[[Category:Personalities|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabNaval}}
[[Category:H.M.S. Britannia (Training Ship) Entrants of January, 1878|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Charles Edward Madden, First Baronet|Charles E. Madden]]'''|'''[[H.M. T.B. 72 (1885)|Captain of H.M. T.B. 72]]'''<br>4 Jul, 1888<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref> &ndash; 30 Aug, 1888<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Francis John Foley|Francis J. Foley]]'''}}
[[Category:Royal Navy Naval Attachés|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''?'''|'''[[H.M. T.B. 78 (1885)|Captain of H.M. T.B. 78]]'''<br>18 Jul, 1889{{ToL|The Naval Manœuvres|Monday, 15 July, 1889.  Issue '''32751''', col A, p. 3}}<ref>This record appears less clear than that for Campbell, noted in command at same time.  Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref> &ndash; 7 Sep, 1889<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Henry Hervey Campbell|Henry H. Campbell]]'''}}
[[Category:Rear-Admirals in the First Battle Squadron (Royal Navy)|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''?'''|'''[[H.M. T.B. 93 (1893)|Captain of H.M. T.B. 93]]'''<br>18 Jul, 1894{{ToL|The Naval Manoeuvres|July 12, 1894, Issue 34314, p.10}}|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Thomas Drummond Gilbert|Thomas D. Pratt]]'''}}
[[Category:Rear-Admirals Commanding, Second Cruiser Squadron (Royal Navy)|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Scott William Alfred Hamilton Gray|Scott W. A. H. Gray]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Halcyon (1894)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Halcyon'']]'''<br>15 Sep, 1900{{NLMar01|p. 261}} &ndash; 7 May, 1901<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/20.}} f. 272/548.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Thomas Henry Pellew|Thomas H. Pellew]]'''}}
[[Category:Second Sea Lords|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''?'''|'''[[H.M.S. Pandora (1900)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Pandora'']]'''<br>16 Jul, 1901{{ToL|The Naval Manoeuvres|Thursday, July 11, 1901, Issue 36504, p.8}}<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref> &ndash; 1901|Succeeded by<br>'''[[John Francis Murray-Aynsley|John F. Murray-Aynsley]]'''}}
[[Category:Admirals Commanding Coastguard and Reserves|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''?'''|'''[[Naval Attaché (Royal Navy)|Royal Navy Naval Attaché at St. Petersburg & Rome]]'''<br>19 Mar, 1902<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref> &ndash; 1 Nov, 1905<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''?'''}}
[[Category:Commanders-in-Chief, Mediterranean|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Edward Percy Ashe|Edward P. Ashe]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Roxburgh (1904)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Roxburgh'']]'''<br>1 Nov, 1905<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref> &ndash; 19 Dec, 1907<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Morgan Singer|Morgan Singer]]'''}}
[[Category:Commanders-in-Chief, Portsmouth|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Alexander Edward Bethell|The Hon. Alexander E. Bethell]]'''|'''[[H.M.S. Hindustan (1903)|Captain of H.M.S. ''Hindustan'']]'''<br>10 Jan, 1908{{NLOct08|p. 327}}<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref> &ndash; 16 Dec, 1909<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Henry Hervey Campbell|Henry H. Campbell]]'''}}
[[Category:First and Principal Naval Aides-de-Camp to King George V|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Archibald Gordon Henry Wilson Moore|A. Gordon H. W. Moore]]'''|'''[[Home Fleet (Royal Navy)|Captain of the Fleet, Home Fleet]]'''<br>16 Dec, 1909<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref> &ndash; 25 Mar, 1911<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[William Osbert Boothby|William O. Boothby]]'''<br><small>as '''Captain of the Fleet, Home Fleets'''</small>}}
[[Category:Royal Navy Admirals of the Fleet|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Charles Edward Madden, First Baronet|Charles E. Madden]]'''|'''[[First Battle Squadron (Royal Navy)|Rear-Admiral in the First Battle Squadron]]'''<br>10 Dec, 1912<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices).  ''The Times''.  Wednesday, 11 December, 1912.  Issue '''40079''', col C, p. 14.</ref><ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref> &ndash; 10 Dec, 1913<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Hugh Evan-Thomas|Hugh Evan-Thomas]]'''}}
[[Category:Royal Navy Flag Officers|Gough-Calthorpe]]
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Charles Edward Madden, First Baronet|Charles E. Madden]]'''<br><small>as '''Rear-Admiral Commanding, Second Cruiser Squadron'''</small>|'''[[Second Cruiser Squadron (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral Commanding, Second Cruiser Squadron]]'''<br>29 Jul, 1914{{UKCeased|f. 13}} &ndash; 1 Jun, 1916<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Herbert Leopold Heath|Herbert L. Heath]]'''<br><small>as '''Rear-Admiral Commanding, Second Cruiser Squadron'''</small>}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Frederick Tower Hamilton|Sir Frederick T. Hamilton]]'''|'''[[Second Sea Lord|Second Sea Lord]]'''<br>30 Jun, 1916{{UKNavalStaff|p. 125}} &ndash; 4 Dec, 1916<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Cecil Burney, First Baronet|Sir Cecil Burney]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Alexander Edward Bethell|The Hon. Sir Alexander E. Bethell]]'''|'''[[Admiral Commanding Coastguard and Reserves|Admiral Commanding Coastguard and Reserves]]'''<br>5 Dec, 1916<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>{{NLJan17|p. 423}} &ndash; 8 Aug, 1917<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42.}} f. 130/264.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Cecil Fiennes Thursby|Sir Cecil F. Thursby]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''Allied Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean'''|'''[[Mediterranean Station|Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Station]]'''<br>8 Aug, 1917{{UKCeased|p. 32}}|Succeeded by<br>'''[[John Michael de Robeck, First Baronet|Sir John M. de Robeck, Bart.]]'''}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Cecil Burney, First Baronet|Sir Cecil Burney, Bart.]]'''|'''[[Portsmouth Station|Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth Station]]'''<br>28 Apr, 1920<ref>"Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices).  ''The Times''.  Wednesday, 28 April, 1920.  Issue '''42396''', col G, p. 6.</ref><ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42}}.  f. 203.</ref> &ndash; 28 Apr, 1923<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42}}.  f. 203.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Sydney Robert Fremantle|Sir Sydney R. Fremantle]]'''}}
{{TabCourt}}
{{TabApptsRow|Preceded by<br>'''[[Charles Edward Madden, First Baronet|Sir Charles E. Madden, Bart.]]'''|'''[[First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp|First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp]]'''<br>31 Jul, 1924{{Gaz|32962|5889|5 August, 1924}} &ndash; 8 May, 1925<ref>Gough-Calthorpe Service Record.  {{TNA|ADM 196/42}}.  f. 203.</ref>|Succeeded by<br>'''[[Montague Edward Browning|Sir Montague E. Browning]]'''}}
{{TabEnd}}
</div name=fredbot:appts>
 
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gough-Calthorpe, Somerset Arthur}}
 
{{CatPerson|UK|1864|1937}}
{{CatBritannia|January, 1878}}
{{CatAdmOfTheFleet|UK}}
{{CatRN}}

Latest revision as of 23:05, 6 April 2022

Admiral of the Fleet Calthorpe, June, 1925.
Portrait: © National Portrait Gallery, London.

Admiral of the Fleet THE HONOURABLE SIR Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., C.B., C.V.O., R.N. (23 December, 1864 – 27 July, 1937) was an officer of the Royal Navy.

Early Life & Career

The Honourable Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, the younger son of Somerset Frederick, seventh Lord Calthorpe, by his wife, Eliza Maria, only child of Captain Frederick Chamier, R.N., and widow of Captain Frederick Crewe, was born in London 23 December 1864.

Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant with seniority of 19 March, 1886.

Commander

Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of Commander on 1 January, 1896,[1] for services on the West and East Coasts of Africa.[2] On 5 March, 1896, he was appointed as Commander of the Imperieuse, flagship of the Pacific Station. He remained in her until she paid off on 31 August, 1899.[3]

On 3 January, 1900, he was appointed to Vernon for revision of the Torpedo Manual, and on 15 September was appointed in command of the gunboat Halcyon in the Mediterranean. Halcyon paid off on 7 May, 1901. He was appointed in command of the third class protected cruiser Pandora for the manœuvres on 16 July, and on 30 September was appointed to the Royal Naval College at Greenwich for study.[4]

Captain

Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of Captain on 1 January, 1902.[5] From that date he was reappointed to the Royal Naval College. On 1 March he was appointed Naval Attaché at Saint Petersburg and Rome.[6]

On 1 November, 1905, he was appointed in command of the new armoured cruiser Roxburgh.[7] He was appointed a Member of the Fourth Class of the Royal Victorian Order dated 25 September, 1906.[8]

He was superseded in command of Roxburgh on 19 December, 1907, and appointed in command of the battleship Hindustan in the Channel Fleet on 10 January, 1908. He remained in command until 16 December, 1909.[9]

Gough-Calthorpe was appointed to Dreadnought as Captain of the Fleet of the Home Fleet and Commodore, First Class on 16 December, 1909.[10]

He was promoted Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (C.V.O.) dated 29 July, 1910.[11]

Flag Rank

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, seen as a Rear-Admiral.
Photo: Library of Congress.

Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral on 27 August, 1911, vice Simons.[12]

He was appointed an Ordinary Member of the Third Class, or Companion, in the Civil Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (C.B.) on 21 September, 1912.[13] He was invested with the insignia of the order by the King in an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 10 October.[14]

Great War

Gough-Calthorpe had succeeded Charles Madden in command of the Second Cruiser Squadron on 29 July, 1914.[15] On 11 March, 1915, he was appointed Acting Vice-Admiral as senior cruiser admiral in the Grand Fleet.

On 1 January, 1916, he was knighted and appointed an Additional Member of the Second Class, or Knight Commander, in the Military Division of the Order of the Bath (K.C.B.).[16]

He was appointed to President for duty at the admiralty on 1 June, 1916, (and therefore missed the Battle of Jutland) and on 1 July became a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty and Second Sea Lord, with the rank of Acting Vice-Admiral.[17]

On 26 April, 1917, Gough-Calthorpe was confirmed in the rank of Vice-Admiral.[18] On 8 August, 1917, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean, and assumed command on 26 August.[19]

On 22 October, 1918 Calthorpe was empowered by the Admiralty to conclude an armistice with Turkey, acting as sole negotiator on behalf of all the Allies as High Commissioner of H. M. Government at Constantinople. He completed this assignment on 26 August, 1919.[20]

Post-War

Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of Admiral on 31 July, 1919, in place of Sir Henry Jackson, promoted to the rank of Admiral of the Fleet.[21]

Gough-Calthorpe was promoted to the rank of Admiral of the Fleet on 8 May, 1925.[22] He was placed on the Retired List on 8 May, 1930.[23]

The events of the 1905 Russian Revolution affected both Gough-Calthorpe and his wife deeply and the aftermath stayed with her for many years afterwards. "The great tragedy of his life," his Secretary later recalled.[24] He died at Ryde on 27 July, 1937.

A portrait of Gough-Calthorpe by Philip Connard, painted on board the Superb in 1919, is in the collection of the Imperial War Museum.

See Also

Bibliography

  • "Sir Somerset Gough Calthorpe" (Obituaries). The Times. Wednesday, 28 July, 1934. Issue 47748, col B, p. 16.

Images

  • 1918 Philip Connard portrait in the possession of the Imperial War Museum, Catalogue Number IWM ART 2494.

Service Records


Naval Appointments
Preceded by
Charles E. Madden 		Captain of H.M. T.B. 72
4 Jul, 1888[25] – 30 Aug, 1888[26] 		Succeeded by
Francis J. Foley
Preceded by
? 		Captain of H.M. T.B. 78
18 Jul, 1889[27][28] – 7 Sep, 1889[29] 		Succeeded by
Henry H. Campbell
Preceded by
? 		Captain of H.M. T.B. 93
18 Jul, 1894[30] 		Succeeded by
Thomas D. Pratt
Preceded by
Scott W. A. H. Gray 		Captain of H.M.S. Halcyon
15 Sep, 1900[31] – 7 May, 1901[32] 		Succeeded by
Thomas H. Pellew
Preceded by
? 		Captain of H.M.S. Pandora
16 Jul, 1901[33][34] – 1901 		Succeeded by
John F. Murray-Aynsley
Preceded by
? 		Royal Navy Naval Attaché at St. Petersburg & Rome
19 Mar, 1902[35] – 1 Nov, 1905[36] 		Succeeded by
?
Preceded by
Edward P. Ashe 		Captain of H.M.S. Roxburgh
1 Nov, 1905[37] – 19 Dec, 1907[38] 		Succeeded by
Morgan Singer
Preceded by
The Hon. Alexander E. Bethell 		Captain of H.M.S. Hindustan
10 Jan, 1908[39][40] – 16 Dec, 1909[41] 		Succeeded by
Henry H. Campbell
Preceded by
A. Gordon H. W. Moore 		Captain of the Fleet, Home Fleet
16 Dec, 1909[42] – 25 Mar, 1911[43] 		Succeeded by
William O. Boothby
as Captain of the Fleet, Home Fleets
Preceded by
Charles E. Madden 		Rear-Admiral in the First Battle Squadron
10 Dec, 1912[44][45] – 10 Dec, 1913[46] 		Succeeded by
Hugh Evan-Thomas
Preceded by
Charles E. Madden
as Rear-Admiral Commanding, Second Cruiser Squadron 		Vice-Admiral Commanding, Second Cruiser Squadron
29 Jul, 1914[47] – 1 Jun, 1916[48] 		Succeeded by
Herbert L. Heath
as Rear-Admiral Commanding, Second Cruiser Squadron
Preceded by
Sir Frederick T. Hamilton 		Second Sea Lord
30 Jun, 1916[49] – 4 Dec, 1916[50] 		Succeeded by
Sir Cecil Burney
Preceded by
The Hon. Sir Alexander E. Bethell 		Admiral Commanding Coastguard and Reserves
5 Dec, 1916[51][52] – 8 Aug, 1917[53] 		Succeeded by
Sir Cecil F. Thursby
Preceded by
Allied Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean 		Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Station
8 Aug, 1917[54] 		Succeeded by
Sir John M. de Robeck, Bart.
Preceded by
Sir Cecil Burney, Bart. 		Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth Station
28 Apr, 1920[55][56] – 28 Apr, 1923[57] 		Succeeded by
Sir Sydney R. Fremantle
Court Appointments
Preceded by
Sir Charles E. Madden, Bart. 		First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp
31 Jul, 1924[58] – 8 May, 1925[59] 		Succeeded by
Sir Montague E. Browning

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26694. p. 7532. 31 December, 1895.
  2. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 26696. p. 4. 3 January, 1896.
  3. ↑ ADM 196/42. f. 264.
  4. ↑ ADM 196/42. f. 264.
  5. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27393. p. 3. 3 January, 1902.
  6. ↑ ADM 196/42. f. 264.
  7. ↑ ADM 196/42. f. 264.
  8. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27960. p. 7108. 23 October, 1906.
  9. ↑ The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 264.
  10. ↑ ADM 196/42. f. 264.
  11. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28403. p. 5581. 2 August, 1910.
  12. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28526. p. 6373. 29 August, 1911.
  13. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 28648. p. 7107. 27 September, 1912.
  14. ↑ "Court Circular" (Court and Social). The Times. Friday, 11 October, 1912. Issue 40027, col A, p. 9.
  15. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. f. 13.
  16. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29423. p. 80. 31 December, 1915.
  17. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  18. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 30037. p. 3955. 27 April, 1917.
  19. ↑ Supplement to the Monthly Navy List. (June, 1918). p. 7.
  20. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  21. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 31489. p. 9961. 5 August, 1919.
  22. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33049. p. 3445. 22 May, 1925.
  23. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33604. p. 2867. 9 May, 1930.
  24. ↑ Recollection of Hubert Lynes, Gough-Calthorpe's Secretary in the Eastern Mediterranean. RNMN/LYNES. Liddle Collection, University of Leeds.
  25. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  26. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  27. ↑ "The Naval Manœuvres." The Times (London, England), Monday, 15 July, 1889. Issue 32751, col A, p. 3.
  28. ↑ This record appears less clear than that for Campbell, noted in command at same time. Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  29. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  30. ↑ "The Naval Manoeuvres." The Times (London, England), July 12, 1894, Issue 34314, p.10.
  31. ↑ The Navy List. (March, 1901). p. 261.
  32. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/20. f. 272/548.
  33. ↑ "The Naval Manoeuvres." The Times (London, England), Thursday, July 11, 1901, Issue 36504, p.8.
  34. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  35. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  36. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  37. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  38. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  39. ↑ The Navy List. (October, 1908). p. 327.
  40. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  41. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  42. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  43. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  44. ↑ "Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Wednesday, 11 December, 1912. Issue 40079, col C, p. 14.
  45. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  46. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  47. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. f. 13.
  48. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  49. ↑ The Naval Staff of the Admiralty. p. 125.
  50. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  51. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  52. ↑ The Navy List. (January, 1917). p. 423.
  53. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 130/264.
  54. ↑ Squadrons and Senior Naval Officers in Existence on 11th November, 1918. p. 32.
  55. ↑ "Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Wednesday, 28 April, 1920. Issue 42396, col G, p. 6.
  56. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 203.
  57. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 203.
  58. ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32962. p. 5889. 5 August, 1924.
  59. ↑ Gough-Calthorpe Service Record. The National Archives. ADM 196/42. f. 203.

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