Battle of Imbros

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The Battle of Imbrose on 20 January, 1918 was occasioned by a sortie of the German ships Goeben and Breslau from the Dardanelles to challenge Royal Navy assets just outside in the Aegean Sea.

Background

The evacuation of Gallipoli did not end the Royal Navy's presence in the Aegean, as there was a risk that the German battlecruiser S.M.S. Goeben and light cruiser S.M.S. Breslau might break out of the Dardanelles. They had been officially transferred to the Ottoman Navy and renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim and Medilli, but the German names are used here because they remained under German command and had German crews.

Rear-Admiral Sydney Fremantle, commanding the Royal Navy's Aegean Squadron, thought that a break out would have one of three objectives. The first of these would be that the two modern German ships might transit westward to join the Austro-Hungarians in the Adriatic. This was thought the most likely, as it had the highest chance of success and would greatly augment Austro-Hungarian naval strength. Alternatively, the enemy might essay a raid on Allied transport routes. This was possible but had too low a chance of success to justify the risks entailed. Finally, it was thought that the enemy migh sally to raid Mudros, Salonika, Port Said or Alexandria. This was deemed unlikely, as it would be a 'desperate venture...end[ing] in the eventual destruction of the enemy.' Despite the likely costs involved, the last option was the one the Germans chose.[1]

On 12 January 1918, Fremantle was succeeded by Rear-Admiral Arthur Hayes-Sadler. His squadron included the last two British pre-dreadnought battleships, H.M.S. Agamemnon and H.M.S. Lord Nelson. Their speed of just 18 knots meant that they could not intercept Goeben (which could make 22 knots) and Breslau (designed for 27.5 knots but capable of only 20 according to Arthur Marder) on their outward journey. However, their armament of four 12 inch and ten 9.2 inch guns each versus Goeben's ten 11 inch and twelve 5.9 inch guns and Breslau's twelve 4.1 inch guns meant that they could stop them returning to the Dardanelles. The British had also laid a number of minefields.[2]

The Germans had also changed their command. In September Vize-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon had returned to Germany in September to take command of the Fourth Battle Squadron of the High Sea Fleet. His replacement, Vize-Admiral Hubert von Rebeur-Paschwitz, hoped that a sortie would draw Allied ships away from Palestine, where the Ottomans were under pressure; boost Ottoman morale after the loss of Jerusalem; and show that warships were meant to be used.[3]

Aerial reconnaissance had told the Germans that Lord Nelson was not at Mudros. She was taking Hayes-Sadler to meetings in Salonika. He would normally have used the yacht H.M.S. Triad for such a journey, but she was unavailable so he chose to use his flagship rather than a destroyer.[4]

The German staff assumed, on the basis of information from minesweepers, that the mines laid across the entrance to the Dardanelles in 1916 had been washed away. They did not know that more minefields had been laid since, which they could not avoid. Just before the operation began they received a captured chart that showed that there were more minefields than they had realised. It appeared to show that there was a gap between them, but they did not realise that it was only a rough indication rather than an exact plan. The German sortie achieved surprise but at the cost of not properly reconnoitring the enemy minefields.[5]

Action

S.M.S. Goeben and S.M.S. Breslau sailed at 4:00 pm on 19 January, accompanied by four Ottoman destroyers. They left the Dardanelles at 6:00 am the next day, when destroyers turned back. Ten minutes later Goeben struck a mine, receiving only minor damage.[6]

In Mudros harbour on Lemnos the British had H.M.S. Agamemnon, three light cruisers, a sloop, and four destroyers, only two of which were ready for action. Another minesweeper and a monitor were under repair, as well as the pre-dreadnought H.M.S. Lord Nelson. Another 23 ships were on detached duty in six squadrons, including two cruisers, four light cruisers, six destroyers and eight monitors.[7]

Fremantle's orders to detached squadrons, which were still in effect, were that if they encountered Goeben they should lead her 'in a direction in which support may be obtained.' However, the general signal that was to be made if Goeben was out was to 'take all necessary action to engage the enemy.'[8] R.N. officers were bound to interpret this as an order to attack her.

At 7:40 am the Germans attacked the British ships at Kusu Bay, Pyrgos, quickly sinking the monitors H.M.S. Raglan and M.28. They then headed for Mudros, pursued by the destroyers H.M.S. Tigress and H.M.S. Lizard.[9]

At 8:30 am Breslau struck a mine. The Germans could now see mines in the clear, blue water. Goeben attempted to take Breslau in tow but at 8:55 am struck another mine, which caused serious damage. Breslau then detonated another four mines and began to sink. The Ottoman destroyers came out in order to pick up survivors but withdrew after coming under fire from the British destroyers at 9:30 am. The British briefly chased them but had to give up due to the risk from shore batteries and mines. They picked up 14 officers and 148 men from the Breslau.[10] Her official crew was 354.[11]

Goeben withdrew, but in doing so, struck another mine at 9:48 am, causing her to list by 15 degrees. She came under air attack but by 10:30 am had entered the Straits. At 11:32 am, however, she ran aground and was stuck for six days. R.F.C. and R.N.A.S. aircraft flew 270 sorties against her, dropping 15 tons of bombs. Strong winds, low clouds and effective anti-aircraft fire meant that only two hits were scored. Even if more had been obtained, the 65 and 112 pound bombs used could have done little damage. Two seaplanes armed with 18 inch torpedoes arrived on the seaplane carrier H.M.S. Manxman too late to attack. Indirect fire from a monitor also proved ineffective.[12]

This left submarine attack. Only one boat, H.M.S. E 12, was available on 21 January, but one of her engine shafts was fractured. This restricted her surface speed and battery recharging, so Hayes-Sadler refused to allow her to attack, although her captain, Lieutenant Frederick Williams-Freeman, was willing. Two more submarines, H.M.S. E 2 and H.M.S. E 14 arrived on 21 January, but nothing was done until the C.-in-C. Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Gough-Calthorpe arrived on the 25th.[13]

E 14, which was newer and had a more experienced captain and crew than E 2 was sent in two days later, by when Goeben had been refloated and departed. E 14 was detected by hydrophones, forced to the surface by depth charges and destroyed by shore batteries.[14]

Her captain, Lieutenant-Commander Geoffrey Saxton White, was later posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. The citation states that:

"For most conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty as Commanding Officer of H.M. Submarine E 14 on the 28tlh of January, 1918. E14 left Mudros on the 27th of January under instructions to force the Narrows and attack the Goeben, which was reported aground off Nagara Point after being damaged during her sortie from the Dardanelles. The latter vessel was not found and E 14 turned back. At about 8.45 a.m. on the 28th of January a torpedo was fired from E 14 at an enemy ship; 11 seconds after the torpedo left the tube a heavy explosion took place, caused all lights to go out, and sprang the fore hatch. Leaking badly the boat was blown to 15 feet, and at once a heavy fire came from the forts, but the hull was not hit. E 14 then dived and proceeded on her way out. Soon afterwards the boat became out of control, and as the air supply was nearly exhausted, Lieutenant-Commander White decided to run the risk of proceeding on the surface. Heavy fire was immediately opened from both sides, and, after running the gauntlet for half-an-hour, being steered from below, "E14" was so badly damaged that Lieutenant-Commander White turned towards the shore in order to give the crew a chance of being saved. He remained on deck the whole time himself until he was killed bv a shell." — The London Gazette, No. 31534, 23 May 1919[15]

Aftermath

Enver Pasha, the Ottoman War Minister had warned von Rebeur-Paschwitz to be careful with his two ships because of their great value to the Empire. The Ottomans thought that the Germans had taken too great a risk with them.[16]

Goeben's damage was not fully repaired until after the war, by which time she was the property of Turkey. She was not scrapped until 1971, although she had by then been out of service for many years.[17] The Allies did not realise the severity of her damage and continued to fear another she'd make another sortie.[18] She did, however, operate in the Black Sea later in 1918.[19]

Hayes-Sadler, who was in poor health, was replaced by Rear-Admiral Cecil Lambert. The main negative for the Royal Navy of the action was that it allowed the Press to again bring up the story of the blunders that had led to Goeben and Breslau escaping to the Ottoman Empire in 1914.[20] The operation proved to be a mistake by the Germans, who upset their Ottoman allies, lost a modern light cruiser and had a battlecruiser damaged in return for sinking two monitors and a submarine.

See Also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. pp. 12-13.
  2. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. p. 13.
  3. ↑ Halpern. "A Naval History of World War I". p. 255
  4. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. pp. 15-16.
  5. ↑ Naval Operations. Vol. V. pp. 85-86.
  6. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. p. 15.
  7. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. p. 14.
  8. ↑ Naval Operations. Vol. V. p. 84.
  9. ↑ Naval Operations. Vol. V. p. 84.
  10. ↑ Naval Operations. Vol. V. pp. 84.
  11. ↑ Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. p. 159.
  12. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. pp. 16-17.
  13. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. pp. 17-18.
  14. ↑ Naval Operations. Vol. V. pp. 91-92.
  15. ↑ Naval-History.net
  16. ↑ Naval Operations. Vol. V. pp. 92.
  17. ↑ Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. p. 152.
  18. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. pp.18-19.
  19. ↑ Naval Operations. Vol. V. pp. 294.
  20. ↑ Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. V. pp. 19-20.

Bibliography

  • Gray, Randal (editor) (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. (on Amazon.com and Amazon.co.uk).
  • Newbolt, Henry (1931). Naval Operations. Vol. V. London: Longmans, Green and Co..
  • Halpern, Paul (1994). "A Naval History of World War I". London: UCL Press.
  • Marder, Arthur J. (1970). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904-1919: Victory and Aftermath, January 1918–June 1919. Volume V. London: Oxford University Press.

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