H.M.S. Invincible (1907): Difference between revisions
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'''HMS ''Invincible''''' was a [[ | '''HMS ''Invincible''''' was a [[battle cruiser]] of the [[Royal Navy]], the [[lead ship]] of [[Invincible class (1907)|her class]] of three, and the first battle cruiser to be built by any country in the world. After an initial period of near-constant modification she became an active unit of the Battle cruiser Force. She participated in the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight]], the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] and the [[Battle of Jutland]], where she was sunk in action on [[31 May]], [[1916]]. | ||
==Construction== | ==Construction== | ||
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She was constructed with a new form of turret operation, namely electically powered mountings for the 12" guns - a first in British naval construction. She was fitted with two turrets each built by [[Vickers Ltd.]] and the [[Elswick Ordnance Company]]. Her turbines were constructed by Humphreys of Tennant and was fitted with thirty-one Yarrow boilers. | She was constructed with a new form of turret operation, namely electically powered mountings for the 12" guns - a first in British naval construction. She was fitted with two turrets each built by [[Vickers Ltd.]] and the [[Elswick Ordnance Company]]. Her turbines were constructed by Humphreys of Tennant and was fitted with thirty-one Yarrow boilers. | ||
On [[28 December]], while still fitting out, she was hit by the collier ''Oden'', which resulted in the buckling of beams and frames in the hull and | On [[28 December]], while still fitting out, she was hit by the collier ''Oden'', which resulted in the buckling of beams and frames in the hull and five bottom plates were stove in. On [[8 September]], [[1908]] Captain [[Mark Edward Frederic Kerr|M.E.F. Kerr]] was appointed to command. She ran her gun trials on [[30 October]], [[1908]] off the Isle of Wight. She was officially completed on [[16 March]] [[1909]], her completion having been delayed by the ''Oden'' incident and the installation of electric turrets. On [[17 March]], she sailed from the Tyne to [[Portsmouth]], where she would be commissioned. On the way, she collided with the brigantine ''Mary Ann'', and stood by until the [[lifeboat]] ''John Birch'' arrived from [[Yarmouth]] to take the brigantine in tow. She was commissioned into the fleet on [[20 March]] [[1909]] and joined the [[British 1st Cruiser Squadron|1st Cruiser Squadron]] (1st C.S.) of the [[British 1st Division|1st Division]], [[British Home Fleet|Home Fleet]]. | ||
==Early career== | ==Early career== | ||
She participated in fleet manoeuvres in April and June of 1909, the [[Fleet Review, Royal Navy|Spithead Review]] on [[12 June]] [[1909]], and the [[Fleet Review, Royal Navy|Fleet Review]] off Southend on [[2 July]]. Periodically she had to be taken in hand at Portsmouth for repairs, alterations and additions until [[27 March]], [[1911]] when she was reduced to a nuclues crew in preparation for refit. On [[28 March]] Captain Kerr was replaced by Captain [[Richard Purefoy FitzGerald Purefoy|R.P.F. Purefoy]] and the ship went into refit at Portsmouth until [[2 June]], when she recommissioned at Portsmouth for further service in the 1st C.S.. On [[1 May]], [[1912]] Captain [[Michael Culme-Seymour|M. Culme-Seymour]] replaced Captain Purefoy. On [[1 January]], [[1913]] the 1st C.S. became the [[British 1st | She participated in fleet manoeuvres in April and June of 1909, the [[Fleet Review, Royal Navy|Spithead Review]] on [[12 June]] [[1909]], and the [[Fleet Review, Royal Navy|Fleet Review]] off Southend on [[2 July]]. Periodically she had to be taken in hand at Portsmouth for repairs, alterations and additions until [[27 March]], [[1911]] when she was reduced to a nuclues crew in preparation for refit. On [[28 March]] Captain Kerr was replaced by Captain [[Richard Purefoy FitzGerald Purefoy|R.P.F. Purefoy]] and the ship went into refit at Portsmouth until [[2 June]], when she recommissioned at Portsmouth for further service in the 1st C.S.. On [[1 May]], [[1912]] Captain [[Michael Culme-Seymour|M. Culme-Seymour]] replaced Captain Purefoy. On [[1 January]], [[1913]] the 1st C.S. became the [[British 1st Battle Cruiser Squadron|1st Battle Cruiser Squadron]] (1st B.C.S.). On [[17 March]], [[1913]] she collided with the submarine C-34 in Stokes Bay (in the Solent), suffering no damage in the process. | ||
In August, [[1913]] ''Invincible'' joined the [[British 2nd | In August, [[1913]] ''Invincible'' joined the [[British 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadron|2nd Battle Cruiser Squadron]] (2nd B.C.S.) in the [[British Mediterranean Fleet|Mediterranean Fleet]] after annual manoeuvres. At the same time Captain [[Henry Bertram Pelly|H.B. Pelly]] was appointed to command. From [[30 October]] to [[5 November]], [[1913]] she was under refit at Malta. In December she returned to Britain to undertake a major refit which began in March, [[1914]]. She was reduced to a nucleus crew while major work was done, Captian Pelly remaining in command until completion of work in July. | ||
===1914 refit=== | ===1914 refit=== | ||
During the refit ''Invincible's'' 12" electrically-operated turrets were changed to operate on hydraulic power. The 4" guns atop '''A''' and '''Y''' turrets were removed to the forward superstructure, where they along with the others there were enclosed in unarmoured casemates. Two 4" guns were placed on the shelter deck between the fore funnels, and two 4" guns placed either side of the [[conning tower]] on the conning tower platform. | During the refit ''Invincible's'' 12" electrically-operated turrets were changed to operate on hydraulic power. The 4" guns atop '''A''' and '''Y''' turrets were removed to the forward superstructure, where they along with the others there were enclosed in unarmoured casemates. Two 4" guns were placed on the shelter deck between the fore funnels, and two 4" guns placed either side of the [[conning tower]] on the conning tower platform. | ||
Her foretop was totally reconstructed and a gyro-stabilised ''Argo'' 9' rangefinder fitted aloft. Her chart house and compass platform were rebuilt, and her forward searchlight battery reorganised. Her torpedo nets and booms were removed entirely. A rangefinder hood (for a 9' baselength rangefinder) was added on '''A''' turret. | |||
==First World War== | ==First World War== | ||
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At the beginning of the [[First World War]], she took part in the action at the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight]] on [[28 August]] [[1914]], before being sent along with her sister [[HMS Inflexible (1908)|''Inflexible'']] to the [[South Atlantic]] where she fought in the first [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] on [[8 December]] [[1914]]. In this battle, she fired off five hundred and thirteen 12" shells at the enemy. | At the beginning of the [[First World War]], she took part in the action at the [[Battle of Heligoland Bight]] on [[28 August]] [[1914]], before being sent along with her sister [[HMS Inflexible (1908)|''Inflexible'']] to the [[South Atlantic]] where she fought in the first [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] on [[8 December]] [[1914]]. In this battle, she fired off five hundred and thirteen 12" shells at the enemy. | ||
At the [[Battle of Jutland]] on [[31 May]] [[1916]] | ===Battle of Jutland=== | ||
At the end of May, 1916 the 3rd B.C.S. had joined the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. When the fleet put to sea on [[30 May]] the Commander-in-Chief Admiral [[Jellicoe]] ordered it twenty miles ahead of the battle fleet as a scouting force. | |||
At the beginning of the [[Battle of Jutland]] on [[31 May]] [[1916]] ''Invincible'' with the rest of the 3rd B.C.S. was steaming S.50ºE at 14 knots. At 1423 [[HMS Indomitable (1907)|HMS ''Indomitable'']] interecepted a signal from HMS ''Galatea'' heralding [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Beatty]]'s [[Battle Cruiser Fleet]]'s (B.C.F.) sighting of the [[German High Seas Fleet]]. At 1600, after the B.C.F. had joined battle, Hood led the 3rd B.C.S. S.S.E. at full speed in order to reinforce Beatty, anticipating Jellicoe's order by five minutes. | |||
By 1735 the 3rd B.C.S., with ''Invincible'' in the van, was within earshot of the fighting. Having heard firing on his starboard beam Hood ordered his squadron turn through eight points. At 1755 ''Invincible'' opened fire on a force of German light cruisers, followed by her sister ships a few minutes later. In a few minutes SMS ''Pillau'', SMS ''Frankfurt'' were damaged and SMS ''Wiesbaden'' was reduced to a floating wreck. | |||
[[HMS Lion (1913)|HMS ''Lion'']] appeared on ''Invincible's'' port side, heavily engaged with Vizeadmiral [[Franz Ritter von Hipper|Hipper's]] [[German Scouting Group I|Scouting Group I]]. Having reformed the 3rd B.C.S. in the aftermath of a German torpedo attack Hood's ships joined the B.C.F. from the east, whence Beatty ordered him to take the van. At 1826 they took position and were taken under fire by Hipper's battle cruisers. Hood's vessels returned fire, and having the advantage of the light ''Invincible'' scored two hits on [[SMS Lützow (1913)|SMS ''Lützow'']] which ultimately le to Hipper's flagship sinking. | |||
While engaging [[SMS Derfflinger (1913)|SMS ''Derfflinger'']] and SMS ''Lützow'' she received at 1832 a hit on the front of '''Q''' turret, which penetrated and detonated in the gunhouse, blowing off the roof and causing the '''Q''' magazine to explode, followed by that of '''P'''. The resulting explosion raised debris four hundred feet into the air and forced ''Invincible'' to break in two and sink. Rear-Admiral Admiral [[Horace Lambert Alexander Hood|Hood]] was killed along with sixty-one officers, nine hundred and sixty-five men and five civilians. Six men survived, among them the gunnery officer. Four of the five civilians were canteen staff. | |||
HMS ''Invincible'' was officially paid off by the Royal Navy on [[3 June]], [[1916]]. | |||
After the war, the wreckage was located by a minesweeper at 57-02-40 North Latitude, 06-07-15 East Longitude, 180 feet down. | After the war, the wreckage was located by a minesweeper at 57-02-40 North Latitude, 06-07-15 East Longitude, 180 feet down. | ||
Revision as of 22:55, 6 June 2007
| HMS Invincible | |
| Career | Details |
|---|---|
| Pennant: | 85 (1914) |
| Ordered: | 1906 Naval Program |
| Laid down: | 2 April, 1906 |
| Launched: | 13 April, 1907 |
| Commissioned: | 20 March, 1909 |
| Fate: | Sunk at the Battle of Jutland, 31 May 1916 |
| General Characteristics | |
| Displacement: | 17,526 tons |
| Length: | 567 ft (172.8 m) |
| Beam: | 78 ft 6 in (23.9 m) |
| Draught: | 25 ft (7.6 m) normal; 29 ft 7 in (9 m) deep |
| Armament: | Eight 12 inch (305 mm) 45 caliber (4x2) Sixteen 4 inch (102 mm) (16x1) Seven Maxim machine guns (7x1) Five 18 inch (45.7 mm) torpedo tubes (4 broadside, 1 stern) One 3 inch anti aircraft gun added 1914 |
| Propulsion: | Parsons geared steam turbines producing 41,000 shp; 4 shafts |
| Speed: | 25.5 knots |
| Range: | 2,270 nautical miles at 23 knots 3,050 nautical miles at 23 knots using fuel oil |
| Complement: | 722 (as designed) 1,032 (as a flagship, May, 1916) |
HMS Invincible was a battle cruiser of the Royal Navy, the lead ship of her class of three, and the first battle cruiser to be built by any country in the world. After an initial period of near-constant modification she became an active unit of the Battle cruiser Force. She participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight, the Battle of the Falkland Islands and the Battle of Jutland, where she was sunk in action on 31 May, 1916.
Construction
HMS Invincible was built at Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co., Ltd on Tyneside. She was laid down on 2 April 1906, and launched at 3 p.m. on 13 April 1907 by Lady Allendale.
She was constructed with a new form of turret operation, namely electically powered mountings for the 12" guns - a first in British naval construction. She was fitted with two turrets each built by Vickers Ltd. and the Elswick Ordnance Company. Her turbines were constructed by Humphreys of Tennant and was fitted with thirty-one Yarrow boilers.
On 28 December, while still fitting out, she was hit by the collier Oden, which resulted in the buckling of beams and frames in the hull and five bottom plates were stove in. On 8 September, 1908 Captain M.E.F. Kerr was appointed to command. She ran her gun trials on 30 October, 1908 off the Isle of Wight. She was officially completed on 16 March 1909, her completion having been delayed by the Oden incident and the installation of electric turrets. On 17 March, she sailed from the Tyne to Portsmouth, where she would be commissioned. On the way, she collided with the brigantine Mary Ann, and stood by until the lifeboat John Birch arrived from Yarmouth to take the brigantine in tow. She was commissioned into the fleet on 20 March 1909 and joined the 1st Cruiser Squadron (1st C.S.) of the 1st Division, Home Fleet.
Early career
She participated in fleet manoeuvres in April and June of 1909, the Spithead Review on 12 June 1909, and the Fleet Review off Southend on 2 July. Periodically she had to be taken in hand at Portsmouth for repairs, alterations and additions until 27 March, 1911 when she was reduced to a nuclues crew in preparation for refit. On 28 March Captain Kerr was replaced by Captain R.P.F. Purefoy and the ship went into refit at Portsmouth until 2 June, when she recommissioned at Portsmouth for further service in the 1st C.S.. On 1 May, 1912 Captain M. Culme-Seymour replaced Captain Purefoy. On 1 January, 1913 the 1st C.S. became the 1st Battle Cruiser Squadron (1st B.C.S.). On 17 March, 1913 she collided with the submarine C-34 in Stokes Bay (in the Solent), suffering no damage in the process.
In August, 1913 Invincible joined the 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadron (2nd B.C.S.) in the Mediterranean Fleet after annual manoeuvres. At the same time Captain H.B. Pelly was appointed to command. From 30 October to 5 November, 1913 she was under refit at Malta. In December she returned to Britain to undertake a major refit which began in March, 1914. She was reduced to a nucleus crew while major work was done, Captian Pelly remaining in command until completion of work in July.
1914 refit
During the refit Invincible's 12" electrically-operated turrets were changed to operate on hydraulic power. The 4" guns atop A and Y turrets were removed to the forward superstructure, where they along with the others there were enclosed in unarmoured casemates. Two 4" guns were placed on the shelter deck between the fore funnels, and two 4" guns placed either side of the conning tower on the conning tower platform.
Her foretop was totally reconstructed and a gyro-stabilised Argo 9' rangefinder fitted aloft. Her chart house and compass platform were rebuilt, and her forward searchlight battery reorganised. Her torpedo nets and booms were removed entirely. A rangefinder hood (for a 9' baselength rangefinder) was added on A turret.
First World War
At the beginning of the First World War, she took part in the action at the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914, before being sent along with her sister Inflexible to the South Atlantic where she fought in the first Battle of the Falkland Islands on 8 December 1914. In this battle, she fired off five hundred and thirteen 12" shells at the enemy.
Battle of Jutland
At the end of May, 1916 the 3rd B.C.S. had joined the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. When the fleet put to sea on 30 May the Commander-in-Chief Admiral Jellicoe ordered it twenty miles ahead of the battle fleet as a scouting force.
At the beginning of the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916 Invincible with the rest of the 3rd B.C.S. was steaming S.50ºE at 14 knots. At 1423 HMS Indomitable interecepted a signal from HMS Galatea heralding Beatty's Battle Cruiser Fleet's (B.C.F.) sighting of the German High Seas Fleet. At 1600, after the B.C.F. had joined battle, Hood led the 3rd B.C.S. S.S.E. at full speed in order to reinforce Beatty, anticipating Jellicoe's order by five minutes.
By 1735 the 3rd B.C.S., with Invincible in the van, was within earshot of the fighting. Having heard firing on his starboard beam Hood ordered his squadron turn through eight points. At 1755 Invincible opened fire on a force of German light cruisers, followed by her sister ships a few minutes later. In a few minutes SMS Pillau, SMS Frankfurt were damaged and SMS Wiesbaden was reduced to a floating wreck.
HMS Lion appeared on Invincible's port side, heavily engaged with Vizeadmiral Hipper's Scouting Group I. Having reformed the 3rd B.C.S. in the aftermath of a German torpedo attack Hood's ships joined the B.C.F. from the east, whence Beatty ordered him to take the van. At 1826 they took position and were taken under fire by Hipper's battle cruisers. Hood's vessels returned fire, and having the advantage of the light Invincible scored two hits on SMS Lützow which ultimately le to Hipper's flagship sinking.
While engaging SMS Derfflinger and SMS Lützow she received at 1832 a hit on the front of Q turret, which penetrated and detonated in the gunhouse, blowing off the roof and causing the Q magazine to explode, followed by that of P. The resulting explosion raised debris four hundred feet into the air and forced Invincible to break in two and sink. Rear-Admiral Admiral Hood was killed along with sixty-one officers, nine hundred and sixty-five men and five civilians. Six men survived, among them the gunnery officer. Four of the five civilians were canteen staff.
HMS Invincible was officially paid off by the Royal Navy on 3 June, 1916.
After the war, the wreckage was located by a minesweeper at 57-02-40 North Latitude, 06-07-15 East Longitude, 180 feet down.
