Arthur Knyvet Wilson, Third Baronet: Difference between revisions

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==Second Retirement==
==Second Retirement==
On 8 March, 1912 the King appointed Wilson to the Order of Merit.<ref>''London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28588/pages/1743 no. 28588.  p. 1743.]  8 March, 1912.</ref>  Once again he retired to his sister's house in Swaffham.  He remained involved with the service, for he had had no other interest in his life, being unmarried and strikingly austere in his personal habits. In late October 1914 Churchill summoned him back to the Admiralty to assist his old colleague, Fisher, who was once again first sea lord. Despite the antagonism of 1911 he accepted the offer, on condition he should have no official position, or salary. Despite his disinterested gesture he inevitably became enmeshed in the vicious political struggle between Churchill and Fisher, being placed on the list of people to be removed from the Admiralty if Fisher was to continue. Wilson's urging of offensive schemes in the North Sea, notably the capture of Heligoland, have been derided by many commentators, but the principles were correct, and with attention to the operational details they were worthwhile measures. When Fisher resigned in late May 1915 Wilson agreed to replace him, but only if Churchill continued in office; in the interval he acted as first sea lord, until Sir Henry Jackson took office. Thereafter Wilson devoted his time to staff duties, notably technical developments concerning submarines and anti-submarine warfare, areas in which he made an important contribution. He remained active until August 1918, when he went back to Beech Cottage, Swaffham, Norfolk. Having declined a baronetcy in 1912, in October 1919 he succeeded his brother as third baronet, a title his uncle had earned in 1857 at the capture of Delhi. After the war Wilson devoted himself to local work for returning former servicemen and other worthy causes, remaining active until a few days before his death from pneumonia at Beech Cottage, Swaffham, on 25 May 1921, still unmarried. He was buried in Swaffham church.
On 8 March, 1912 the King appointed Wilson to the Order of Merit.<ref>''London Gazette'': [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28588/pages/1743 no. 28588.  p. 1743.]  8 March, 1912.</ref>  Once again he retired to his sister's house in Swaffham.  He remained involved with the service, for he had had no other interest in his life, being unmarried and strikingly austere in his personal habits. In late October 1914 Churchill summoned him back to the Admiralty to assist his old colleague, Fisher, who was once again first sea lord. Despite the antagonism of 1911 he accepted the offer, on condition he should have no official position, or salary. Despite his disinterested gesture he inevitably became enmeshed in the vicious political struggle between Churchill and Fisher, being placed on the list of people to be removed from the Admiralty if Fisher was to continue. Wilson's urging of offensive schemes in the North Sea, notably the capture of Heligoland, have been derided by many commentators, but the principles were correct, and with attention to the operational details they were worthwhile measures. When Fisher resigned in late May 1915 Wilson agreed to replace him, but only if Churchill continued in office; in the interval he acted as first sea lord, until Sir Henry Jackson took office. Thereafter Wilson devoted his time to staff duties, notably technical developments concerning submarines and anti-submarine warfare, areas in which he made an important contribution. He remained active until August 1918, when he went back to Beech Cottage, Swaffham, Norfolk. In October 1919 he succeeded his brother, Sir Roland Wilson, as third baronet, a title his uncle had earned in 1857 at the capture of Delhi. After the war Wilson devoted himself to local work for returning former servicemen and other worthy causes, remaining active until a few days before his death from pneumonia at Beech Cottage, Swaffham, on 25 May 1921, still unmarried. He was buried in Swaffham church.


'''Wealth at death;''' £26,876 16''s''. 10''d''.: Administration, 26 July, 1921.
'''Wealth at death;''' £26,876 16''s''. 10''d''.: Administration, 26 July, 1921.

Revision as of 14:22, 27 May 2010

Admiral of the Fleet SIR Arthur Knyvet Wilson, Third Baronet, V.C., O.M., G.C.B., G.C.V.O., Royal Navy (4 March, 1842 – 25 May, 1921) was an officer of the Royal Navy. He joined in 1855 distinguished himself afloat and ashore, winning the Victoria Cross in 1884 for gallantry displayed in the Sudan. Rising to fleet command in the early 1900s, he was widely regarded as the Navy's preeminent tactician. He was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet in 1907 and succeeded Lord Fisher as First Sea Lord in 1910. After the Agadir Crisis revealed differences of opinion between the Admiralty and the War Office, Wilson was sacked in 1911 by the new First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Still held in great esteem, at the outbreak of the First World War he was recalled to the Admiralty to serve in an advisory and unpaid capacity and played a key rôle in deciding policy under the Fisher-Churchill régime. A modest man, he refused a Baronetcy and a Peerage and only succeeded to the Wilson Baronetcy after the death of his brother.

Early Life & Career

Wilson was born in Swaffham, Norfolk, on 4 March, 1842. He was the third son of Commander (later Rear-Admiral) George Knyvet Wilson RN (1798–1866), and his wife, Agnes Mary, daughter of the Revd William Yonge (d. 2 December, 1845), aged ninety-two, vicar of Swaffham, 1799–1845. Wilson attended Eton College from 1852 to 1855; he entered the navy in 1855, and was immediately employed on active service in the Black Sea during the later stages of the Crimean War. Subsequently he joined his relative Captain Henry Keppel on board the Raleigh, destined for the China station. After the Raleigh was wrecked Wilson transferred to the flagship Calcutta and served with distinction through the Second Opium War, notably at the capture of Canton (Guangzhou) in 1858. After service in the Pacific, Wilson passed his examinations for Lieutenant in 1863, but with seniority back-dated to December, 1861, for his outstanding results. In 1867 he joined a naval mission to Japan, under Commander Richard Tracey, and helped to lay the foundations of the Imperial Japanese Navy. On his return he spent a year on the cadet training ship Britannia, before serving as the junior member of a committee appointed to examine the capabilities of the Whitehead, or locomotive, torpedo in 1870. He then served afloat for six years, his professional skill, enthusiasm, and resource coming to the attention of several senior officers, notably Sir Astley Cooper Key (First Sea Lord, 1879–85). Having been promoted commander in September, 1873, Wilson joined a new Raleigh (Captain George Tryon), in the detached squadron from 1874 to 1876. In 1876 he was appointed commander of the Vernon, a hulk in Portsmouth harbour recently established as a torpedo school. For the next three years Wilson devoted his great talent and energy to the use of torpedoes and mines, particularly mine counter-measures, a vital task for a sea-control navy that expected to operate in hostile coastal waters. He was promoted Captain in April, 1880.

After Wilson had revised the torpedo manual Admiral Key appointed him to the pioneer torpedo depot ship Hecla in 1881. He was present at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882 and, with John Fisher, played a major part in operations on shore. Two years later he landed with a machine gun detachment at Trinkitat in the Sudan, during the campaign against Mahdists, and won the Victoria Cross (21 May 1884) for his gallantry at the battle of al-Teb on 29 February 1884. When one corner of the infantry square broke Wilson held off the Mahdists with his sword and, when that broke, his fists, until relieved. After a spell commanding the Raleigh on the Cape station, and serving under John Fisher as assistant director of torpedoes, Wilson was appointed to the Vernon in 1889, which had now become a separate command. He developed the submerged torpedo tube, the twin torpedo launcher for torpedo boats, and net-cutters to deal with the protective nets then deployed against torpedoes.

Wilson commanded the battleship Sans Pareil in the Mediterranean Fleet from 1892 to 1895, being present on 22 June, 1893, when the Victoria was rammed and sunk with the loss of his old captain, Sir George Tryon. Wilson had not approved of Tryon's radical ideas on tactics, and had been annoyed when Tryon poached his commander, John Jellicoe, for the flagship. After serving as temporary flag captain to Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, Wilson, as senior captain, worked on cruiser scouting systems and exercised independent command. He was promoted rear-admiral in June 1895, and after conducting important exercises with the new destroyers, served at the Admiralty from 1897 to 1901 as controller of the navy and third sea lord.

Controller of the Navy & Third Sea Lord

Arthur Marder described him as a "very able controller".[1]

At the end of 1900, Wilson wrote:

The attempt to produce great results on a small displacement has in the past been the cause of many of our failure. Ample power and strength of all parts in every machine and ample space for work of every kind are the conditions of real efficiency, and cannot be encroached upon without risk of breakdown or loss of time in carrying out some important operation. The breakdown of one auxiliary machine at a critical moment, the straining of a bulkhead under pressure, a few seconds lost in the time in the loading of the guns, or the difficulty of carrying out some repair owing to a cramped space may do infinitely more harm than the increase of size necessary to give an ample margin of strength and space.[2]

In 1901, entirely opposed to the first lord's policy on the contentious issue of boilers, he was offered command of the channel squadron, and was promoted vice-admiral.

Channel Squadron

On 17 April, 1901, Wilson hoisted his flag in the Majestic at Portsmouth, with Bradford as his Flag Captain, and on the 20th left for Berehaven to take command of the Channel Squadron.[3][4] He was promoted to the rank of Vice-Admiral on 24 May, vice Seymour.[5]

In a letter to Rear-Admiral Wilmot H. Fawkes on 29 October, Fisher advised, "send Wilson to succeed me [in command in the Mediterranean]. He is THE man without doubt."[6]

Wilson was knighted and promoted Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 26 June, 1902.[7]

Home Fleet

Wilson hoisted his flag in H.M.S. Revenge on 21 May, 1903, with Rear-Admiral Poë as his second-in-command.[8] On 11 August he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.[9]


A young officer later recorded of Wilson's time as Commander-in-Chief:

In matters of duty he was as hard as granite, and under his command the Home Fleet became virtually a 'School for Battle'. At sea his ships were kept on a war footing by day, and were often darkened and manœuvred without lights at night. He was also a tactician who studied tactics by practical use of the Fleet he commanded. The lessons, however, he kept to himself, so, unfortunately, there was no record of them for the education of the younger officers.[10]

During the manœuvres of 1904 off Spithead, Wilson proposed that submarines should fire their torpedoes, but Fisher demurred. It was proposed to refit two old destroyers to withstand being struck by collision heads but the cost proved prohibitive.[11]

Channel Fleet

Under the terms of the Admiralty Memorandum of 6 December, 1904, the Home Fleet was renamed the Channel Fleet[12] on 1 January, 1905.[13] Wilson was promoted Admiral on 24 February, 1905, in the place of Admiral Ernest Rice.[14] He was advanced Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order on 11 August.[15]

Having arranged a visit of the correspondent Arnold White to the Channel Fleet, Sir John Fisher wrote of Wilson:

Be tender with him, as he looks on the Press as a diabolical and unmitigated evil and will be wishing to hang you all the time. But he is A-1 and worth your knowing and seeing, though he's deadly opposed to me and my views. Yet he is a fighting man has a fighting brain.[16]

Fisher later wrote to Lord Tweedmouth, writing of Wilson that it's, "a great failing in him that he can never evoke enthusiasm and is well named "'ard 'art" by the men!"[17]

On 9 November, 1906, Wilson was advanced Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.[18]

Wilson was promoted to the rank of Admiral of the Fleet on 1 March, 1907,[19] and learnt of the promotion when having an audience with King Edward VII, who handed him his commission. He hauled down his flag on 4 March and went ashore in the morning, without fanfare, having ordered that he not be cheered when he left.[20]

Brief Retirement

Wilson returned to Swaffham to live with his sole surviving sister. He learnt to drive and maintain the new car which he bought, and took up golf, in addition to playing tennis and shooting. With some local residents he formed a golf club and laid out a nine-hole course on wasteland outside the town.[21] Writing to the naval journalist John Leyland on 22 September, Fisher described Beresford as, "a man who I KNOW has not the genius of Wilson for strategy and would not (I am sure) be equal to the task."[22]

Fire Control

In November, 1907 the inventor and businessman Arthur Pollen informed the Admiralty that his latest fire-control instruments were ready for trial. Wilson was asked by the Admiralty to inspect and trial the equipment, which invitation he accepted.[23] Wilson inspected the gear on 20 November in the cruiser Ariadne and then had dinner with Pollen in the evening. Pollen himself later recalled that their relationship at this time was cordial. On 4 December Wilson informed Pollen that he had agreed to the Admiralty's request that he serve as judge at the official trials of Pollen's equipment and enclosed a programme of experients. On the 8th Wilson requested of Pollen, "a written statement showing exactly what are the advantages you claim for your system as fitted in the Ariadne and for which the Admiralty are asked to pay £100,000. In response Pollen provided Wilson, Bacon (Director of Naval Ordnance) and Dreyer (Wilson's assistant for the trials) a copy of his print, An Apology for the A.C. Battle System.[24] This only helped Wilson appreciate that the system was incomplete and that the Admiralty's rights extended to only part of it.[25]

Further Service to the Navy

In July, 1908 Fisher advised McKenna to request Wilson on behalf of the Board to review the results of the 1908 manœuvres.[26] In a letter to Viscount Knollys at the end of 1908, Fisher implied that in the event of war breaking out over the Franco-German dispute in Morocco in September, he would have appointed Wilson as Commander-in-Chief in place of Beresford.[27] In April, 1909 he was invited by Prime Minister Asquith to become a member of the Committee of Imperial Defence, without Asquith giving either the Secretary of the C.I.D. or the Board of Admiralty any prior notice.[28] His "clear and straight forward manner" at the Beresford Enquiry apparently impressed senior cabinet ministers present,[29] and Lord Morley noted, "Sir A. Wilsonstrikes me, and I think the others of us, as much the best-balanced sort of man, to say nothing of his having proved himself as a first rate commander."[30]

In November, 1910, McKenna informed Wilson, "how necessary it is in the interests of the service that you should become First Sea Lord in succession to Sir John Fisher."[31] The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet, Sir Francis Bridgeman, wrote to Fisher expressing reservations about Wilson becoming First Sea Lord. "I dare say under the circumstances Wilson is the best solution, but I know from experience with him that there is no joy to be found in serving either with him or under him! Deadly dull! and uncompromising, as you know. He will never consult any one and is impatient in argument, even to being impossible!"[32]

First Sea Lord

In January 1910 Wilson was appointed First Sea Lord in an attempt to heal the divisions within the service created by John Fisher's controversial regime. He took the post with reluctance. The complex political demands of the Admiralty were not congenial to a man bred for the quarter-deck, and long used to having the final word. He found Whitehall a severe trial, lacking the interpersonal skills, political sensitivity, and sheer pleasure in strife that marked his predecessor. While he pushed through important work on the war orders, minesweeping, and other technical issues he lacked the breadth of vision to stamp his personality and opinions on the service. Never happy in his new position, Wilson was exposed as unsuitable by his disastrous performance at a meeting of the committee of imperial defence on 23 August 1911. The global blue-water strategic ideas that Wilson expressed at the meeting were based on long experience, and offered the only programme whereby Britain could hope to exert any influence on European politics at a time when the other powers all possessed million-man armies. However, his poor performance in debate gave the upper hand to a more articulate, if devious, Henry Wilson and the army general staff. This led to the effective adoption of a ‘continental’ military strategy by the Asquith ministry, in defiance of experience, logic, and the national interest. After this failure the first lord (Reginald McKenna) and Sir Arthur Wilson had to be removed. McKenna was replaced by Churchill, who was sent to the Admiralty to introduce a naval staff, push through other reforms, and ensure co-operation with the army. Wilson's position had now become impossible. Bridgeman related to his friend John S. Sandars how he came to succeed Wilson as First Sea Lord. Sandars then recounted the tale in a letter to former Prime Minister and ex-leader of the Unionist party Arthur J. Balfour:

I asked Bridgeman how he came to leave command of the Home Fleet. He said that Winston had sent for him, never mentioning what he wanted him for, and to his great surprise he was pressed to accept the post of Fist Sea Lord, although he had been Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet less than a year. He did his best to decline, but Winston was insistent. Winston told him that he was satisfied he should never be able to work with Wilson, and that he had satisfied himself that he could work with him (Bridgeman). In the result much against the grain Bridgeman had to consent. …
Winston's first official act was to put into Bridgeman's hand the letter which he, Winston, had addressed to Wilson. Bridgeman told me that the letter was a fine example of what a letter ought not to be under such circumstances, especially having regard to the high standing and conspicuous service of the outgoing First Sea Lord. He told me that it was a plain notice to quit, coupled with a solatium that he might have a peerage if he liked. The letter was sent, and of course, under these circumstances, Wilson, without any grace whatever, promptly declined the honour …[33]

Wilson was superseded as First Sea Lord on 5 December, 1911.[34]

Second Retirement

On 8 March, 1912 the King appointed Wilson to the Order of Merit.[35] Once again he retired to his sister's house in Swaffham. He remained involved with the service, for he had had no other interest in his life, being unmarried and strikingly austere in his personal habits. In late October 1914 Churchill summoned him back to the Admiralty to assist his old colleague, Fisher, who was once again first sea lord. Despite the antagonism of 1911 he accepted the offer, on condition he should have no official position, or salary. Despite his disinterested gesture he inevitably became enmeshed in the vicious political struggle between Churchill and Fisher, being placed on the list of people to be removed from the Admiralty if Fisher was to continue. Wilson's urging of offensive schemes in the North Sea, notably the capture of Heligoland, have been derided by many commentators, but the principles were correct, and with attention to the operational details they were worthwhile measures. When Fisher resigned in late May 1915 Wilson agreed to replace him, but only if Churchill continued in office; in the interval he acted as first sea lord, until Sir Henry Jackson took office. Thereafter Wilson devoted his time to staff duties, notably technical developments concerning submarines and anti-submarine warfare, areas in which he made an important contribution. He remained active until August 1918, when he went back to Beech Cottage, Swaffham, Norfolk. In October 1919 he succeeded his brother, Sir Roland Wilson, as third baronet, a title his uncle had earned in 1857 at the capture of Delhi. After the war Wilson devoted himself to local work for returning former servicemen and other worthy causes, remaining active until a few days before his death from pneumonia at Beech Cottage, Swaffham, on 25 May 1921, still unmarried. He was buried in Swaffham church.

Wealth at death; £26,876 16s. 10d.: Administration, 26 July, 1921.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Marder. The Anatomy of British Sea Power. p. 115.
  2. ↑ Quoted in Marder. The Anatomy of British Sea Power. pp. 115-116.
  3. ↑ "Naval & Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Thursday, 18 April, 1901. Issue 36432, col D, pg. 10.
  4. ↑ Bradford. The Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson. p. 156.
  5. ↑ London Gazette: no. 27318. p. 3637. 28 May, 1901.
  6. ↑ Letter of 29 October, 1901. Fear God and Dread Nought. I. p. 211.
  7. ↑ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 27448. p. 4189. 26 June, 1902.
  8. ↑ Bradford. The Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Wilson. p. 181.
  9. ↑ London Gazette: no. 27586. p. 5057. 11 August, 1903.
  10. ↑ Chalmers. The Life and Letters of David, Earl Beatty. p. 86.
  11. ↑ Dash. British Submarine Policy. p. 185.
  12. ↑ Bradford. The Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson. p. 197.
  13. ↑ "Naval and Military Intelligence" (Official Appointments and Notices). The Times. Saturday, 24 October, 1908. Issue 38786, col E, pg. 11.
  14. ↑ London Gazette: no. 27769. p. 1503. 28 February, 1905.
  15. ↑ London Gazette: no. 27826. p. 5532. 11 August, 1905.
  16. ↑ Letter of 26 April, 1906. Fear God and Dread Nought. II. p. 81.
  17. ↑ Letter of 16 October, 1906. Fear God and Dread Nought. II. p. 101.
  18. ↑ London Gazette: no. 27965. p. 7551. 9 November, 1906.
  19. ↑ London Gazette: no. 28001. p. 1574. 5 March, 1907.
  20. ↑ Bradford. The Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson. p. 221.
  21. ↑ Bradford. The Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson. p. 222.
  22. ↑ Letter of 22 September, 1907. Fear God and Dread Nought. II. p. 136.
  23. ↑ Sumida. In Defence of Naval Supremacy. p. 123.
  24. ↑ Sumida. In Defence of Naval Supremacy. p. 124.
  25. ↑ Brooks. Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland. p. 108.
  26. ↑ Letter of 28 July, 1908. Fear God and Dread Nought. II. p. 184.
  27. ↑ Letter of 22 December, 1908. Fear God and Dread Nought. II. p. 204.
  28. ↑ Letter of 14 April, 1909 to Reginald McKenna. Fear God and Dread Nought. II. p. 244.
  29. ↑ Esher to Sandars. Letter of 18 August, 1909. Bodleian Library. University of Oxford. f. 115. Sandars MS. Eng. hist. c. 759. Quoted in Lambert. Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution. p. 201.
  30. ↑ Morley to Clarke. Letter of 20 August, 1909. Quoted in Lambert. Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution. p. 201.
  31. ↑ Letter of 19 November, 1910. Churchill College Archives. University of Cambridge. f.43a. McKenna MSS.
  32. ↑ Letter of 21 November, 1909. Fear God and Dread Nought. II. p. 282.
  33. ↑ Quoted in Churchill. Winston S. Churchill. II. pp. 523-524.
  34. ↑ Wilson Service Record. ADM 196/37. p. 1410.
  35. ↑ London Gazette: no. 28588. p. 1743. 8 March, 1912.

Bibliography

Service Records


Naval Office
Preceded by
Sir John A. Fisher 		Controller of the Navy
1897 – 1901 		Succeeded by
Sir William H. May
Preceded by
The Lord Fisher 		First Sea Lord
1910 – 1911 		Succeeded by
Sir Francis C. B. Bridgeman
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