Difference between revisions of "Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument"

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<!-- [[File:ARTS1914FigurePage73.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Broderick's Calculator in Queen Elizabeth's TCT'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1914'', p. 73.</ref> ]] -->
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The '''Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument''' was a family of [[Torpedo Control]] instruments designed by Lt. Cdr. [[Edward de Faye Renouf]] of {{UK-Conqueror}} first described in the ''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917''.{{ARTS1917|pp. 201-206, also Plates thereat}}
The '''Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument''' was a pretty ingenious family of [[Torpedo Control]] instruments designed by Lt. Cdr. [[Edward de Faye Renouf]] of [[H.M.S. Conqueror (1911)]] described in the ''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917''.<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917'', pp. 201-206, also Plates thereat.</ref>
+
  
It was proposed in 1917 and foreseen as being delivered in 3 types of increasing complexity and function:  A, B and F.
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It was proposed in 1917 and was to be delivered in 3 types of increasing complexity and function:   
 +
* Type A (for Attack)
 +
* Type B (for Battleships)
 +
* Type F (for Flagships)
 +
 
 +
In 1919, a Type M was proposed, possibly intended to replace the Type F. 
 +
 
 +
The Royal Navy tinkered with these instruments until 1922 and expressed dismay at their complexity.  In 1923, it was declared that they were abandoning the use of Renouf equipment.
  
 
==Geometric Theory==
 
==Geometric Theory==
 +
 +
The various types shared a common geometric basis that will be discussed here.
 +
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
File:ARTS1918Page181Fig1.jpg| Figure I<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Page 181, Fig I.</ref>
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File:ARTS1918Page181Fig1.jpg| Figure I{{ARTS1918|p. 181, Fig I.}}
File:ARTS1918Page182Fig2.jpg| Figure II<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Page 182, Fig II.</ref>
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File:ARTS1918Page182Fig2.jpg| Figure II{{ARTS1918|p. 182, Fig II}}
File:ARTS1918Page182Fig3.jpg| Figure III<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Page 182, Fig III.</ref>
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File:ARTS1918Page182Fig3.jpg| Figure III{{ARTS1918|p. 182, Fig III}}
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
In Figure I, if your target, located at S, is not moving, a torpedo fired from position O will hit him if it is within a circle drawn about S whose radius (OS) equals the maximum range of a torpedo at the given speed setting.
+
In Figure I, if a target, located at S, is not moving, a properly-aimed torpedo fired from an enemy will be able to reach him if the enemy is within a circle drawn about S whose radius (OS) equals the maximum range of the torpedo at the given speed setting.
  
In Figure II, if your target, located at S at the moment of firing, is steaming along line AB, a torpedo fired from position O can reach him if it is anywhere within a circle drawn about the impact point, E with a radius equal to the endurance of the torpedo.  The limiting range circle, then, will always be centered on the impact point, and distance SE and OE are going to be proportional to the speed of the enemy and the speed of the torpedo, respectively.  The centre of the torpedo circle must move in the direction the enemy is steaming by a distance SE, which is equal to the <b>SpeedOfEnemy * MaximumTimeOfFlightOfTorpedo</b>, as both torpedo and target will travel for the same duration between firing and impact.
+
In Figure II, if a target located at S at the moment of firing is steaming along line AB, a torpedo fired from position O can reach him if it is anywhere within a circle drawn about the impact point, E with a radius equal to the endurance of the torpedo.  The limiting range circle, then, will always be centered on the impact point, and distance SE and OE are going to be proportional to the speed of the enemy and the speed of the torpedo, respectively.  The centre of the torpedo circle must move in the direction the enemy is steaming by a distance SE, which is equal to the <b>SpeedOfEnemy * MaximumTimeOfFlightOfTorpedo</b>, as both torpedo and target will travel for the same duration between firing and impact.
  
 
The geometry of the case described above is independent of scale, owing to the similarity of triangles.  In Figure III, consider if we move point O well within the extreme range circle and observe that director angle SOT has the same angles as does SXE (the director angle pertaining to the extreme range case).  The enemy inclination would be the same in both cases, as would the director angle required to produce the hit.
 
The geometry of the case described above is independent of scale, owing to the similarity of triangles.  In Figure III, consider if we move point O well within the extreme range circle and observe that director angle SOT has the same angles as does SXE (the director angle pertaining to the extreme range case).  The enemy inclination would be the same in both cases, as would the director angle required to produce the hit.
  
 
==Mechanical Design==
 
==Mechanical Design==
[[File:ARTS1918Plate122.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Base Plate Schematic'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Plate 22.</ref>]]
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[[File:ARTS1918Plate122.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Base Plate Schematic'''{{ARTS1918|Plate 22}}]]
  
 
To save time and space, Renouf instruments typically portrayed three torpedo settings at once by having three colour-coded torpedo circles.  The scale chosen was 4,000 yards to an inch.  The primary structure was formed by a flat base plate with a speed scale for the target ship, adjustable by a knob.  The instrument always depicted the target ship steaming left to right across the bottom as indicated by an arrow.
 
To save time and space, Renouf instruments typically portrayed three torpedo settings at once by having three colour-coded torpedo circles.  The scale chosen was 4,000 yards to an inch.  The primary structure was formed by a flat base plate with a speed scale for the target ship, adjustable by a knob.  The instrument always depicted the target ship steaming left to right across the bottom as indicated by an arrow.
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===The Position Bar===
 
===The Position Bar===
[[File:ARTS1918Plate123.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Type A'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Plate 123.</ref><br> Set to show an attacker making 26 knots, intent on firing from 11,000 yards and 45 degrees off the bow of a target at a present range of 20,000 yards and making 17 knots with circles for torpedoes reaching:
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[[File:ARTS1918Plate123.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Type A'''{{ARTS1918|Plate 123}}<br> Set to show an attacker making 26 knots, intent on firing from 11,000 yards and 45 degrees off the bow of a target at a present range of 20,000 yards and making 17 knots with circles for torpedoes reaching:
 
* 18,000 yards at 21 knots
 
* 18,000 yards at 21 knots
 
* 15,000 yards at 25 knots
 
* 15,000 yards at 25 knots
Line 53: Line 62:
 
The '''Resultant Track Bar'' (depicted in pink on the left) was on a pivot that was free to slide along the target's speed scale.  It was graduated in "time in minutes to run 1,000 yards along the desired track bar."
 
The '''Resultant Track Bar'' (depicted in pink on the left) was on a pivot that was free to slide along the target's speed scale.  It was graduated in "time in minutes to run 1,000 yards along the desired track bar."
  
=="A Type" for Attack==
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=="Type A" for Attack==
 +
:{{Main|Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type A}}
  
This type, illustrated above, was the simplest.  It was intended for use in cruisers, light cruisers, flotilla leaders, and destroyers.  Its emphasis was delivering a torpedo attack.<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 180.</ref>
+
This type, illustrated above, was the simplest.  It was intended for use in cruisers, light cruisers, flotilla leaders, and destroyers.  Its emphasis was delivering a torpedo attack.{{ARTS1918|p. 180}}
  
It could determine:<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 181.</ref>
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It could determine:{{ARTS1918|p. 181}}
 
* whether torpedo fire was possible from the present position
 
* whether torpedo fire was possible from the present position
 
* when fire was possible, which torpedo setting would be most advantageous
 
* when fire was possible, which torpedo setting would be most advantageous
Line 64: Line 74:
 
* the deflection setting for the [[Torpedo Deflection Sight|torpedo deflection sight]]
 
* the deflection setting for the [[Torpedo Deflection Sight|torpedo deflection sight]]
  
===Determine whether you can fire a torpedo now===
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In 1919, five were manufactured by Elliott Brothers for use in light cruisers and flotilla leaders, and a follow-on plan to further distribute to sixteen flotilla leaders, 48 light cruisers, four new vessels and 23 miscellaneous ships and bases.{{ARTS1919|pp. 118, 119}}
This could be worked out as follows:
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# place the position bar to the inclination (or bearing, if you are the target) of the enemy
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# slide the position pointer to the present range
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# set the estimated enemy speed by the knob (this would advance the torpedo circles)
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# the attacker is able to fire using any torpedo setting if the position pointer falls within its torpedo circle
+
  
===Determine  the best setting for the torpedo===
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=="Type B" for Battleships==
Generally, this was held to be the fastest setting, or the smallest circle the position pointer falls within, subject to inviolable orders for torpedo settings or other vital tactical considerations (such as wanting the torpedo to over-run).
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:{{Main|Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type B}}
 
+
[[File:ARTS1918Plate125.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Renouf Type B'''{{ARTS1918|Plate 125}}<br>  
If, however, one wanted to allow for the enemy turning away, one could examine which setting would suffer least from it by rotating the position bar anti-clockwise by an amount equal to the turn away expected.  This represents the situation if the turn were made now, and so the smallest circle from this new inclination would represent the best choice.
+
 
+
===Determine course to steer to achieve attack position===
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This could be worked out as follows:
+
# place the position bar to the inclination of the target
+
# slide the position pointer to the present range to the target
+
# set the estimated enemy speed by the knob (this would advance the torpedo circles)
+
# position the desired track arm and its desired position pointer
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# position the resultant track bar to the speed of the target and make it parallel to the desired track bar
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# rotate the "course to steer" bar so that attacker's speed is indicated on the resultant track bar
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# the pointer on the course to steer bar will indicate the relative bearing the target should be placed on to achieve the desired attack position
+
 
+
Consider the configuration of the instrument in the illustration above.  It is set up to work an attack problem where
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* initial range 20,00 yards
+
* initial estimated inclination 100 degrees right
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* initial estimated enemy speed 17 knots
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* desired attack position 11,000 yards at an inclination (bearing?) of 135 degrees right
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* our speed is 26 knots
+
 
+
This will require  a run of 13,000 yards with the enemy bearing 70 degrees red.  A time to run 1,000 yards along desired track is about 2 minutes, so time to attain our desired position is about 26 minutes.
+
 
+
[[File:ARTS1918Plate124.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Type A Example 2'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Plate 124.</ref><br>  
+
 
]]  
 
]]  
  
In another example, Example 2 shows an attacker making 25 knots, intent on firing from 13,000 yards and inclination 135 right of a target at a present range of 25,000 yards and inclination 170 degrees right and making 18 knots.  The instrument shows that the attacker will have to run 17,000 yards after bringing the enemy to bearing green 50. As the time to run 1,000 yards will take about 45 seconds, the attacker will have to cruise for a little under 13 minutes before it will achieve the attack position.
+
This type was intended for use aboard battleships and battlecruisers that were not flagships.  The emphasis here was primarily defensive, but could also be used for attack calculations if torpedo circles of one's own torpedoes were substituted for those of the enemy. {{ARTS1918|p. 181}}
  
===Determine how long will it take to achieve attack position===
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The Type B was nearly identical to the Type A, adding just one more bar called the "Avoiding Bar".{{ARTS1918|p. 185}}
When the "Course to Steer" bar is swung to meet the resultant track bar at the attacker's speed, a triangle of velocities is formed in which the length of the resultant track is the movement of the attacker during his approach to firing. It is graduated in time to run 1,000 yards along the resultant track.  The distance to be made along the desired track can be read from the position of the desired position pointer and then multiplied by the figure indicated on the resultant track bar to obtain the total time required before the attack can be made.
+
  
===Determine the deflection setting for the sight===
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The "B" augmented the functionality of the "A" by permitting these defensive problems to be illustrated:{{ARTS1918|p. 181}}
[[File:ARTS1918Page184Fig7.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Renouf Instrument Deflection Sliderule'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Page 184, Fig VII.</ref><br>
+
]]
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A slide rule was fitted to the side of all Renouf instruments to allow the torpedo sight deflection (the target speed-across if attacker were at rest, or TargetSpeed times sin(Inclination)).  The slide in this rule (marked at inclination angles, 0 to 90) had an arrow at its 90 degree mark which would be positioned to indicate the enemy speed.  When this was done, the target inclination on the slider would be opposite the knots of deflection on the fixed speed scale, which was graduated from 1 to 32 knots.
+
 
+
=="B Type" for Battleships==
+
[[File:ARTS1918Plate125.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Renouf Type B'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Plate 125.</ref><br>
+
]]
+
 
+
This type was intended for use aboard battleships and battlecruisers.  The emphasis here was primarily defensive, but could also be used for attack calculations if torpedo circles of one's own torpedoes were substituted for those of the enemy.  It was nearly identical to the Type A, but added another bar.<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 181.</ref>
+
 
+
===The Avoiding Bar===
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The Type B added a fifth bar to the design of the Type A, the '''Avoiding Bar''', which was pivoted on a slider free to slide along the base line.  It was marked in "time in minutes" for a given speed of attacking torpedo, with zero being at the pivot.  The slider for the avoiding bar had a fixed semi-circular graduated disc that could be read off a pointer on the bar in either degrees or compass points. 
+
 
+
The design was such that when the avoiding bar's slider was moved to the center of the torpedo circle in question and aligned to point to where the position bar crossed the torpedo circle, it was then parallel to the torpedo track and the pointer would show how many points the target would have to turn, and in which direction, to comb the torpedo track if it were fired at that moment. The avoiding bar's pivot slider could then be slid until it meets the position pointer, and the running time in minutes of the torpedo read off.
+
 
+
The "B" augmented the functionality of the "A" by permitting these defensive problems to be illustrated:<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 181.</ref>
+
 
* are we within range of enemy torpedoes?
 
* are we within range of enemy torpedoes?
 
* if so, what course change is sufficient to cause them to fall short?
 
* if so, what course change is sufficient to cause them to fall short?
Line 125: Line 91:
 
* how long until his torpedo crosses my track?
 
* how long until his torpedo crosses my track?
  
===Determine if we are within range of the attacker's torpedoes===
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In 1919, six were manufactured by Elliott Brothers, one for use at {{UK-Vernon}} and the remainder in battleships and battle cruisers. A follow-on plan was also supplied to distribute forty-six devices, primarily to capital ships and large cruisers.{{ARTS1919|pp. 118, 119}}
This is the same as the first attack problem illustrated on the Type A above if we apply our own speed to the target ship and align the position bar to the enemy bearing.
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===Determine a course change that will allow us to draw out of range===
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=="Type F" for Flagships==
This could be easily worked by setting the instrument as above.  One would then swing the position bar until the position pointer fell outside of all torpedo circles.  The bearing the position bar now indicates is the bearing one must place the attacker on to place him out of range at the present moment.  Another way of stating this is that the angle you have to adjust the position bar to place the attacker outside the torpedo circle is the angle you must turn away from him.
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:{{Main|Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type F}}
  
===Determine the track angle of the attacker's torpedo===
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[[File:ARTS1918Plate127.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Renouf Type F'''{{ARTS1918|Plate 127}}<br>Shown the "Course to Steer" fittings in place.
The prospect of choosing to comb the wake of an incoming torpedo requires one to understand that, referring to Figure III at the top of the page, that the torpedo has to travel along the line XE.  
+
]]
 +
This was for use in flagships, and was the most complex model, as it was oriented toward torpedo attack and defence not at the ship level, but the level of a division, a squadron, or even three squadrons.  It could also help identify, from the perspective of the fleet being considered, safe and unsafe arcs for one's own torpedo fire.
  
===Determine how long until the torpedoes cross our track===
+
It was twice as large as Types A and B and required three sets of fittings to meet its diverse functions:{{ARTS1918|p. 181}}
Referring to Figure III at the top of the page, if the torpedo is fired from point O, the running range of the torpedo is the length of line OT.  If we divide this length by the running speed of the torpedo, we will determine the torpedo's time-of-flight.
+
  
[[File:ARTS1918Plate126.jpg|thumb|500px|'''Renouf Type B Example'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Plate 126.</ref><br>Example
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* its '''"Course to Steer" fittings''' enabled the device to perform the functions of the Type B, and also to calculate when how long before an attacker could fire his torpedoes.
]]
+
* its '''"Squadron" fittings''' were helpful when the attacker or target were not a single ship but a division, squadron, or three squadrons
If we consider the example image:
+
* its '''"Own Torpedo" fittings''' allowed it to deal with hazards posed by friendly torpedoes
* enemy destroyers are plotting at 14,000 yards, bearing 40 degrees
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* the enemy is equipped with a torpedo that can travel 15,000 yards are its 25 knot setting
+
* avoiding bar's pivot is slid to the center of the appropriate torpedo circle and rotated to where the position bar crosses the torpedo circle
+
* the avoiding bar indicates a turn of 6 points toward the enemy will comb the torpedo track
+
* the avoiding bar is then slid along the base line to the dotted position when it crosses the position pointer and indicates it will take 11 minutes for the torpedoes to reach our track
+
  
[[File:ARTS1918Page186Fig10.jpg|thumb|200px|'''Attack by multiple ships'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Plate 126.</ref><br>Example
+
In 1919, nine were manufactured by Elliott Brothers, one for use at {{UK-Vernon}}, one at {{UK-Defiance}} and the remainder in battleships and battle cruisers. Unlike the simpler devices, no more than these nine would be manufactured,{{ARTS1919|pp. 119, 120}} though by 1920, the Staff College at Greenwich had taken one of those previously assigned to a ship, and the ships had been changed slightly.{{ARTS1920|p. 91}}
]]
+
  
{{TBCTONE}}
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=="Type M"==
 +
:{{Main|Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type M}}
  
=="F Type" for Flagships==
+
This model was first mentioned in the ''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919''.  In that year, twenty-eight were to be eventually allocated, primarily to flag officers commanding capital ship formations.  It seems possible that it was being evaluated as a possible replacement for the Type F.{{ARTS1919|pp. 120-124}}{{INF}}
This was for use in flagships, and was the most complex model, as it was oriented toward torpedo attack and defence not at the ship level, but the level of a division, a squadron, or even three squadrons.  It could also help identify, from the perspective of the fleet being considered, safe and unsafe arcs for one's own torpedo fire.<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 181.</ref>
+
 
 +
By 1921, only two had been issued, one each to {{UK-QueenElizabeth}} and {{UK-Barham}}.{{ARTS1921|p. 144}}
  
 
==History and Deployment==
 
==History and Deployment==
Unknown {{TBC}}
+
Drawings of capital ship torpedo control arrangements made in 1918 show that {{UK-Eagle}} and {{UK-Hood}} were to use Renouf instruments.{{ARTS1918|Plates 132, 133}}
 +
 
 +
It should be apparent that these instruments had some complexity, which made them somewhat confusing to learn and use correctly.  Moreover, the general lessons of mechanical rigidity which had prompted a general trend toward simplifying the service's torpedo directors and sights were certainly an issue here: there are only so many dials and levers one can string together before the result is a wobbly mess.
 +
 
 +
In 1921, all types of Renouf instruments were under evaluation for ideas that would render them "less complicated and less liable to foul."  One criticism was that the various bars fouled in various positions and the operator had to work with one grouping of circles at a time.  It was thought desireable that perhaps the circles might be made such that they could be handled independently.{{ARTS1921|p. 144}}
 +
 
 +
While Annual Reports of the Torpedo School mentioned the various types of Renouf instruments with great regularity through 1922, in 1923 they are collectively covered by a simple note under the subject of Torpedo Defence:  "Renouf Instruments have been found to be of little value, and it is probable that they will be withdrawn shortly." While I can find no affirmative order to abandon them, the absence of any mention of them through 1928 indicates strongly that their complexity, in the end, prompted the Royal Navy to focus on simpler devices such as the [[Torpedo Control Disc]]s.{{ARTS1923|p. 134}}
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==
 
+
{{refbegin}}
==Footnotes==
+
*[[Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type A]]
{{reflist}}
+
*[[Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type B]]
 +
*[[Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type F]]
 +
*[[Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type M]]
 +
{{refend}}
  
 
==Bibliography==
 
==Bibliography==
 
{{refbegin}}
 
{{refbegin}}
*{{BibUKARTS1917}}
+
*{{ARTS1917}}
*{{BibUKARTS1918}}
+
*{{ARTS1918}}
 +
*{{ARTS1919}}
 +
* ''Text Book on Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instruments'', C.B. 890 &ndash; no known copies extant.{{ARTS1919|p. 119}}
 
{{refend}}
 
{{refend}}
 +
 +
==Footnotes==
 +
{{reflist}}
  
 
[[Category:Torpedo Control]]
 
[[Category:Torpedo Control]]
 
[[Category:Shipboard Equipment]]
 
[[Category:Shipboard Equipment]]

Latest revision as of 10:23, 29 March 2018

The Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument was a family of Torpedo Control instruments designed by Lt. Cdr. Edward de Faye Renouf of Conqueror first described in the Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917.[1]

It was proposed in 1917 and was to be delivered in 3 types of increasing complexity and function:

  • Type A (for Attack)
  • Type B (for Battleships)
  • Type F (for Flagships)

In 1919, a Type M was proposed, possibly intended to replace the Type F.

The Royal Navy tinkered with these instruments until 1922 and expressed dismay at their complexity. In 1923, it was declared that they were abandoning the use of Renouf equipment.

Geometric Theory

The various types shared a common geometric basis that will be discussed here.

In Figure I, if a target, located at S, is not moving, a properly-aimed torpedo fired from an enemy will be able to reach him if the enemy is within a circle drawn about S whose radius (OS) equals the maximum range of the torpedo at the given speed setting.

In Figure II, if a target located at S at the moment of firing is steaming along line AB, a torpedo fired from position O can reach him if it is anywhere within a circle drawn about the impact point, E with a radius equal to the endurance of the torpedo. The limiting range circle, then, will always be centered on the impact point, and distance SE and OE are going to be proportional to the speed of the enemy and the speed of the torpedo, respectively. The centre of the torpedo circle must move in the direction the enemy is steaming by a distance SE, which is equal to the SpeedOfEnemy * MaximumTimeOfFlightOfTorpedo, as both torpedo and target will travel for the same duration between firing and impact.

The geometry of the case described above is independent of scale, owing to the similarity of triangles. In Figure III, consider if we move point O well within the extreme range circle and observe that director angle SOT has the same angles as does SXE (the director angle pertaining to the extreme range case). The enemy inclination would be the same in both cases, as would the director angle required to produce the hit.

Mechanical Design

Base Plate Schematic[5]

To save time and space, Renouf instruments typically portrayed three torpedo settings at once by having three colour-coded torpedo circles. The scale chosen was 4,000 yards to an inch. The primary structure was formed by a flat base plate with a speed scale for the target ship, adjustable by a knob. The instrument always depicted the target ship steaming left to right across the bottom as indicated by an arrow.

The Base Plate

The red, fixed circle drawn at 10,000 yards from S is meant to suggest the effective range of secondary armament that the attacker might fear. The radial lines drawn every 10 degrees can be read from either of two scales to treat them as:

  • enemy inclinations in attacking problems, or those where the enemy is the ship depicted at S
  • relative bearings to the enemy for defensive calculations where we consider our own ship to be at S.

This somewhat schematic diagram shows how each of 3 link gears (suggested in gold here) might advance its respective torpedo range circle a different distance along AB according to the different times of flight for the different torpedo speeds as enemy speed is dialed in. Thus, in this implementation, point S is always in the middle of the lower edge of the instrument, and the circles are advanced different distances, displacing their centers (the impact points) rightward toward B. The torpedo rings are painted in white at portions where firing would be unwise owing to:

  • low striking angle of torpedo against hull
  • low relative speed (when firing from astern)
  • ease of evasion, as the enemy is nearly combing the wake already
  • deleterious effect of enemy course estimation errors[Citation needed][6]

This is similar to how the Renouf instruments effected this, but even the simplest Mark added no fewer than 4 bars to depict various tactical considerations.

The Position Bar

Type A[7]
Set to show an attacker making 26 knots, intent on firing from 11,000 yards and 45 degrees off the bow of a target at a present range of 20,000 yards and making 17 knots with circles for torpedoes reaching: * 18,000 yards at 21 knots * 15,000 yards at 25 knots * 11,000 yards at 29 knots

The Position Bar (shown in orange) was pivoted at point S and scaled along its length in thousands of yards. It would be swung to the proper angle to indicate the target's inclination (in attack mode) or the threat's relative bearing (in defence mode). A slider along the scale would be positioned to estimated range, and this bore a pivot point (referenced below). A disc about the hub at S would be referenced later, with the Course to Steer bar, and a small switch (shown in green) would indicate whether the attack from coming from port or starboard (as the instrument always depicts an attack from port).

The Desired Track Bar

The Desired Track Bar (shown in pink and pivoted from the position pointer on the position bar) depicted the proposed movement of the attacker to reach his preferred firing position. It pivoted from the position pointer and was graduated in "DISTANT TO RUN IN THOUSANDS OF YARDS" from the position pointer. A sliding Desired Position Pointer on this bar could be slid to a position to indicate the position the attacker would like to attain. The orientation of this bar and the placement of its pointer, then, would indicate a proposed firing position on the base plate relative to S.

The "Course to Steer" Bar

The "Course to Steer" Bar' (depicted in blue) pivoted around S and was graduated in knots on the same scale used on the target speed scale. A pointer near its hub indicated on the graduated disc at the base of the position bar. This would indicate the relative bearing the attacker would have to place the target to achieve the desired attack position indicated by the desired position pointer.

The Resultant Track Bar

The 'Resultant Track Bar (depicted in pink on the left) was on a pivot that was free to slide along the target's speed scale. It was graduated in "time in minutes to run 1,000 yards along the desired track bar."

"Type A" for Attack

Main article: Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type A

This type, illustrated above, was the simplest. It was intended for use in cruisers, light cruisers, flotilla leaders, and destroyers. Its emphasis was delivering a torpedo attack.[8]

It could determine:[9]

  • whether torpedo fire was possible from the present position
  • when fire was possible, which torpedo setting would be most advantageous
  • how to steer to attain a specific desired firing position
  • how long it would take to attain that firing position
  • the deflection setting for the torpedo deflection sight

In 1919, five were manufactured by Elliott Brothers for use in light cruisers and flotilla leaders, and a follow-on plan to further distribute to sixteen flotilla leaders, 48 light cruisers, four new vessels and 23 miscellaneous ships and bases.[10]

"Type B" for Battleships

Main article: Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type B
Renouf Type B[11]

This type was intended for use aboard battleships and battlecruisers that were not flagships. The emphasis here was primarily defensive, but could also be used for attack calculations if torpedo circles of one's own torpedoes were substituted for those of the enemy. [12]

The Type B was nearly identical to the Type A, adding just one more bar called the "Avoiding Bar".[13]

The "B" augmented the functionality of the "A" by permitting these defensive problems to be illustrated:[14]

  • are we within range of enemy torpedoes?
  • if so, what course change is sufficient to cause them to fall short?
  • what is the track angle of the enemy's torpedo, in case I want to comb the wakes?
  • how long until his torpedo crosses my track?

In 1919, six were manufactured by Elliott Brothers, one for use at Vernon and the remainder in battleships and battle cruisers. A follow-on plan was also supplied to distribute forty-six devices, primarily to capital ships and large cruisers.[15]

"Type F" for Flagships

Main article: Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type F
Renouf Type F[16]
Shown the "Course to Steer" fittings in place.

This was for use in flagships, and was the most complex model, as it was oriented toward torpedo attack and defence not at the ship level, but the level of a division, a squadron, or even three squadrons. It could also help identify, from the perspective of the fleet being considered, safe and unsafe arcs for one's own torpedo fire.

It was twice as large as Types A and B and required three sets of fittings to meet its diverse functions:[17]

  • its "Course to Steer" fittings enabled the device to perform the functions of the Type B, and also to calculate when how long before an attacker could fire his torpedoes.
  • its "Squadron" fittings were helpful when the attacker or target were not a single ship but a division, squadron, or three squadrons
  • its "Own Torpedo" fittings allowed it to deal with hazards posed by friendly torpedoes

In 1919, nine were manufactured by Elliott Brothers, one for use at Vernon, one at Defiance and the remainder in battleships and battle cruisers. Unlike the simpler devices, no more than these nine would be manufactured,[18] though by 1920, the Staff College at Greenwich had taken one of those previously assigned to a ship, and the ships had been changed slightly.[19]

"Type M"

Main article: Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type M

This model was first mentioned in the Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919. In that year, twenty-eight were to be eventually allocated, primarily to flag officers commanding capital ship formations. It seems possible that it was being evaluated as a possible replacement for the Type F.[20][Inference]

By 1921, only two had been issued, one each to Queen Elizabeth and Barham.[21]

History and Deployment

Drawings of capital ship torpedo control arrangements made in 1918 show that Eagle and Hood were to use Renouf instruments.[22]

It should be apparent that these instruments had some complexity, which made them somewhat confusing to learn and use correctly. Moreover, the general lessons of mechanical rigidity which had prompted a general trend toward simplifying the service's torpedo directors and sights were certainly an issue here: there are only so many dials and levers one can string together before the result is a wobbly mess.

In 1921, all types of Renouf instruments were under evaluation for ideas that would render them "less complicated and less liable to foul." One criticism was that the various bars fouled in various positions and the operator had to work with one grouping of circles at a time. It was thought desireable that perhaps the circles might be made such that they could be handled independently.[23]

While Annual Reports of the Torpedo School mentioned the various types of Renouf instruments with great regularity through 1922, in 1923 they are collectively covered by a simple note under the subject of Torpedo Defence: "Renouf Instruments have been found to be of little value, and it is probable that they will be withdrawn shortly." While I can find no affirmative order to abandon them, the absence of any mention of them through 1928 indicates strongly that their complexity, in the end, prompted the Royal Navy to focus on simpler devices such as the Torpedo Control Discs.[24]

See Also

Bibliography

  • H.M.S. Vernon. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. Originally C.B. 1474. Copy 7 at The National Archives. ADM 189/37.
  • H.M.S. Vernon. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. C.B. 1527. Copy 143 at The National Archives. ADM 189/38.
  • H.M.S. Vernon. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919. C.B. 1569. Copy 103 at The National Archives. ADM 189/39.
  • Text Book on Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instruments, C.B. 890 – no known copies extant.[25]

Footnotes

  1. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. pp. 201-206, also Plates thereat.
  2. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 181, Fig I..
  3. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 182, Fig II.
  4. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 182, Fig III.
  5. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. Plate 22.
  6. Link to material from Torpedo Control Handbook
  7. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. Plate 123.
  8. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 180.
  9. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 181.
  10. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919. pp. 118, 119.
  11. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. Plate 125.
  12. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 181.
  13. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 185.
  14. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 181.
  15. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919. pp. 118, 119.
  16. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. Plate 127.
  17. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 181.
  18. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919. pp. 119, 120.
  19. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1920. p. 91.
  20. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919. pp. 120-124.
  21. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1921. p. 144.
  22. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. Plates 132, 133.
  23. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1921. p. 144.
  24. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1923. p. 134.
  25. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919. p. 119.