http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&feed=atom&action=historyBattle of Coronel - Revision history2024-03-29T14:31:50ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.24.2http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=330450&oldid=prevTone: standardize on . being the decimal place, adhere to our X-inch gun syntax2022-06-10T16:30:17Z<p>standardize on . being the decimal place, adhere to our X-inch gun syntax</p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:30, 10 June 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 86:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It appears that a fact about ''Good Hope's'' crew has at some point been exaggerated to refer to both ships and has then been repeated.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It appears that a fact about ''Good Hope's'' crew has at some point been exaggerated to refer to both ships and has then been repeated.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cradock's squadron was clearly outgunned. The German armoured cruisers had eight 8.2 and six 5.9 inch guns for a total broadside of 1957 lbs and the German light cruisers 10 4.1 inch guns with a broadside of 176 lbs for a total of 4.442 lbs. However, ''Nürnberg'' missed most of the action, making the effective German total broadside in the battle 4<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del>266 tons.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cradock's squadron was clearly outgunned. The German armoured cruisers had eight 8.2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>and six 5.9<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns for a total broadside of 1957 lbs and the German light cruisers 10 4.1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns with a broadside of 176 lbs for a total of 4.442 lbs. However, ''Nürnberg'' missed most of the action, making the effective German total broadside in the battle 4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>266 tons.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Against this, ''Good Hope'' carried two 9.2 inch guns and 16 6 inch guns (total broadside of 1,560 lbs), Monmouth 14 6 inch (900 lbs), ''Glasgow'' two 6 inch and 10 4 inch (325 lbs) and ''Otranto'' four 4.7 inch (90 lbs). However, some of ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth's'' guns could not be used in bad weather, as was the case on 1 November 1914, reducing their effective broadsides to 1,160 and 600 lbs respectively. Cradock ordered ''Otranto'', an armed merchantman that was a large target and would have stood no chance against Spee's ships, to stay out of the battle. The actual British broadside was therefore 2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del>085 tons.<ref>Marder p. 109</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Against this, ''Good Hope'' carried two 9.2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns and 16 6<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns (total broadside of 1,560 lbs), Monmouth 14 6<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch (900 lbs), ''Glasgow'' two 6<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch and 10 4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch (325 lbs) and ''Otranto'' four 4.7<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch (90 lbs). However, some of ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth's'' guns could not be used in bad weather, as was the case on 1 November 1914, reducing their effective broadsides to 1,160 and 600 lbs respectively. Cradock ordered ''Otranto'', an armed merchantman that was a large target and would have stood no chance against Spee's ships, to stay out of the battle. The actual British broadside was therefore 2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>085 tons.<ref>Marder p. 109</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Spee noted in his after action report that the heavy seas made things very difficult for the gunners:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Spee noted in his after action report that the heavy seas made things very difficult for the gunners:</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 94:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'With the head wind and sea, the ships laboured heavily, particularly the light cruisers on both sides. Spotting and range-finding suffered greatly from the seas, which came over the forecastle and conning tower, and the heavy swell obscured the target from the 15-prs on the middle decks, so that they never saw stern of their adversary at all, and the bow only now and then. On the other hand , the guns of the large cruisers could all be used, and shot well.'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Graf Von Spee's Despatch, ''Weser Zeitung''</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'With the head wind and sea, the ships laboured heavily, particularly the light cruisers on both sides. Spotting and range-finding suffered greatly from the seas, which came over the forecastle and conning tower, and the heavy swell obscured the target from the 15-prs on the middle decks, so that they never saw stern of their adversary at all, and the bow only now and then. On the other hand , the guns of the large cruisers could all be used, and shot well.'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Graf Von Spee's Despatch, ''Weser Zeitung''</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The high seas were bad for both sides, but even worse for the British, as the design of their two armoured cruisers meant that they could not fire their main deck 6 inch guns in heavy seas. The German guns that had difficulty firing were smaller ones, excluded from the broadsides listed above.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The high seas were bad for both sides, but even worse for the British, as the design of their two armoured cruisers meant that they could not fire their main deck 6<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns in heavy seas. The German guns that had difficulty firing were smaller ones, excluded from the broadsides listed above.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans opened fire at about 7:05 pm at a range of 12,000 yards. ''Scharnhorst'' fired at ''Good Hope'' and ''Gneisenau'' at ''Monmouth''. ''Leipzig'' and ''Dresden'' both fired at ''Glasgow'', since ''Otranto'' had moved out of range. Luce ordered his guns to fire independently as the roll of his ships slowed the rate of firing and firing salvos would have slowed it even further, but the Germans used salvo firing.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans opened fire at about 7:05 pm at a range of 12,000 yards. ''Scharnhorst'' fired at ''Good Hope'' and ''Gneisenau'' at ''Monmouth''. ''Leipzig'' and ''Dresden'' both fired at ''Glasgow'', since ''Otranto'' had moved out of range. Luce ordered his guns to fire independently as the roll of his ships slowed the rate of firing and firing salvos would have slowed it even further, but the Germans used salvo firing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans quickly found the range. The third salvo hit ''Good Hope'', apparently putting her forward 9.2 inch gun out of action and starting a fire. ''Monmouth'' was soon also on fire. At some point, she headed off to starboard and became separated from ''Good Hope''. ''Glasgow'' could not then follow ''Good Hope'', as she would then have masked ''Monmouth's'' fire. At least one of the British armoured cruisers was on fire at any one time.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans quickly found the range. The third salvo hit ''Good Hope'', apparently putting her forward 9.2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch gun out of action and starting a fire. ''Monmouth'' was soon also on fire. At some point, she headed off to starboard and became separated from ''Good Hope''. ''Glasgow'' could not then follow ''Good Hope'', as she would then have masked ''Monmouth's'' fire. At least one of the British armoured cruisers was on fire at any one time.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Around 7:45 pm ''Good Hope'' lost way. About five minutes later she suffered 'an immense explosion...the flames reached a height of at least 200 feet and all who saw it on board ''Glasgow'' had no doubt she could not recover from this shock.' ''Good Hope'' then ceased fire.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Around 7:45 pm ''Good Hope'' lost way. About five minutes later she suffered 'an immense explosion...the flames reached a height of at least 200 feet and all who saw it on board ''Glasgow'' had no doubt she could not recover from this shock.' ''Good Hope'' then ceased fire.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 114:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 114:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The unanswered questions are what would have happened if Cradock's force had included either H.M.S. ''Defence'' or ''Canopus'' and why did he seek out the enemy when his squadron was so clearly out classed?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The unanswered questions are what would have happened if Cradock's force had included either H.M.S. ''Defence'' or ''Canopus'' and why did he seek out the enemy when his squadron was so clearly out classed?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Defence'' was the last British armoured cruiser built, so was newer and more powerful than Spee's two armoured cruisers: 14,600 tons, speed of 23 knots and armed with four 9.2 inch and ten 7.5 inch guns. The British would then have had an advantage in firepower, but not by so overwhelming a margin as to guarantee victory if the German gunnery or tactics were better.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Defence'' was the last British armoured cruiser built, so was newer and more powerful than Spee's two armoured cruisers: 14,600 tons, speed of 23 knots and armed with four 9.2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch and ten 7.5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns. The British would then have had an advantage in firepower, but not by so overwhelming a margin as to guarantee victory if the German gunnery or tactics were better.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Canopus'', as was often the case for a battleship of her day was no bigger than an armoured cruiser, but had larger guns: 12,950 tons, designed for 18 knots but only capable of 16.5 in 1914 and armed with four 12 inch and twelve 6 inch guns. Her 12 inch guns had a range of 14,000 yards, only 500 more than the 8.2 inch guns of Spee's armoured cruisers.<ref>Marder p. 106</ref>  Again, the Germans might still have won despite her presence.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Canopus'', as was often the case for a battleship of her day was no bigger than an armoured cruiser, but had larger guns: 12,950 tons, designed for 18 knots but only capable of 16.5 in 1914 and armed with four 12<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch and twelve 6<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns. Her 12<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns had a range of 14,000 yards, only 500 more than the 8.2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch guns of Spee's armoured cruisers.<ref>Marder p. 106</ref>  Again, the Germans might still have won despite her presence.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possibility is that Spee might not have accepted battle with a force including a battleship. He wrote after the battle that he believed that the British:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possibility is that Spee might not have accepted battle with a force including a battleship. He wrote after the battle that he believed that the British:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 129:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 129:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cradock is known to have written to another admiral that 'I will take care I do not suffer the fate of poor [[Ernest Charles Thomas Troubridge|Troubridge]]', who was then facing court martial for not having attacked S.M.S. {{DE-Goeben}}.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cradock is known to have written to another admiral that 'I will take care I do not suffer the fate of poor [[Ernest Charles Thomas Troubridge|Troubridge]]', who was then facing court martial for not having attacked S.M.S. {{DE-Goeben}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The final, and most common, theory is that Cradock realised that realised that his squadron had no chance against Spee's, but thought that that by damaging the Germans and forcing them to use up ammunition a long way from any base he could ensure that they would be beaten in the next action. If so, he partly succeeded: the Germans suffered little damage, but ''Scharnhorst'' used 422 8.2 inch shells and ''Gneisenau'' 244 out of a total of 728 carried on each ship.<ref>Marder, p. 118.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The final, and most common, theory is that Cradock realised that realised that his squadron had no chance against Spee's, but thought that that by damaging the Germans and forcing them to use up ammunition a long way from any base he could ensure that they would be beaten in the next action. If so, he partly succeeded: the Germans suffered little damage, but ''Scharnhorst'' used 422 8.2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>inch shells and ''Gneisenau'' 244 out of a total of 728 carried on each ship.<ref>Marder, p. 118.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Subscribers to this theory include Admiral [[Reginald Hugh Spencer Bacon|Sir Reginald Bacon]], Balfour in his eulogy when unveiling Cradock's memorial at York Minster, Sir Julian Corbett, who quotes Balfour's eulogy in the ''Naval Operations,'' Churchill and Hirst.<ref>Marder p.111</ref> It was also put forward in a film called ''The Battles of Coronel and the Falkland Islands'' that was made in 1927 and restored and re-released in 2014, the hundredth anniversary of the battles.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Subscribers to this theory include Admiral [[Reginald Hugh Spencer Bacon|Sir Reginald Bacon]], Balfour in his eulogy when unveiling Cradock's memorial at York Minster, Sir Julian Corbett, who quotes Balfour's eulogy in the ''Naval Operations,'' Churchill and Hirst.<ref>Marder p.111</ref> It was also put forward in a film called ''The Battles of Coronel and the Falkland Islands'' that was made in 1927 and restored and re-released in 2014, the hundredth anniversary of the battles.</div></td></tr>
</table>Tonehttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=310667&oldid=prevTone at 20:34, 14 July 20212021-07-14T20:34:04Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:34, 14 July 2021</td>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The World War I naval '''Battle of Coronel''' took place on 1 November, 1914 off the coast of central Chile near the city of Coronel.  German [[Kaiserliche Marine]] forces led by [[Vizeadmiral (Imperial German Navy)|Vizeadmiral]] [[Maximilian Graf von Spee|Graf Maximilian von Spee]] met and defeated a [[Royal Navy]] squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral [[Christopher George Francis Maurice Cradock|Sir Christopher Cradock]].  This was Britain's first naval defeat since the Battle of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812 and the first of a British naval squadron since the Battle of Grand Port in 1810.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The World War I naval '''Battle of Coronel''' took place on 1 November, 1914 off the coast of central Chile near the city of Coronel.  German [[Kaiserliche Marine]] forces led by [[Vizeadmiral (Imperial German Navy)|Vizeadmiral]] [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Maximilian Johannes Maria Hubert Reichsgraf von Spee|</ins>Maximilian Graf von Spee|Graf Maximilian von Spee]] met and defeated a [[Royal Navy]] squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral [[Christopher George Francis Maurice Cradock|Sir Christopher Cradock]].  This was Britain's first naval defeat since the Battle of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812 and the first of a British naval squadron since the Battle of Grand Port in 1810.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Background==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Background==</div></td></tr>
</table>Tonehttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=310666&oldid=prevTone: /* Battle */2021-07-14T20:33:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Battle</span></span></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:33, 14 July 2021</td>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 70:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Captain [[John Luce]] of ''Glasgow'' commented that:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Captain [[John Luce]] of ''Glasgow'' commented that:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><blockquote></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'The sun was now setting immediately behind us, as viewed from the enemy, and as long as it remained above the horizon, all the advantage was with us, but the range was too great to be effective...Shortly before 7:00 pm, the sun set, entirely changing the conditions of visibility, and whereas in the failing light it was difficult for us to see the enemy, our ships became clearly silhouetted against the afterglow, as viewed from them'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914.</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</ins>'The sun was now setting immediately behind us, as viewed from the enemy, and as long as it remained above the horizon, all the advantage was with us, but the range was too great to be effective...Shortly before 7:00 pm, the sun set, entirely changing the conditions of visibility, and whereas in the failing light it was difficult for us to see the enemy, our ships became clearly silhouetted against the afterglow, as viewed from them<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.'</ins>'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></blockquote></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even without this tactical advantage, the odds in the battle hugely favoured the Germans. Their crews had served on their ships for years and were well trained. Many German sailors were conscripts, but Spee's men were all long service volunteers because of the time that their ships spent away from Germany. The crews of both British armoured cruisers had been assigned to their ships at the outbreak of war and neither ship had had much opportunity for gunnery practice.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even without this tactical advantage, the odds in the battle hugely favoured the Germans. Their crews had served on their ships for years and were well trained. Many German sailors were conscripts, but Spee's men were all long service volunteers because of the time that their ships spent away from Germany. The crews of both British armoured cruisers had been assigned to their ships at the outbreak of war and neither ship had had much opportunity for gunnery practice.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many historians of the war at sea, including Geoffrey Bennett<ref>Bennett pp. 71-72</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>Andrew Gordon<ref>Gordon. p. 21</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>Paul Halpern<ref>Halpern. p. 92</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>Richard Hough<ref>Hough, p. 90</ref> and Robert Massie, who gives his source as being Paymaster [[Lloyd Hirst]] of HMS ''Glasgow'',<ref>Massie, pp. 203-4</ref> state that ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth'' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both had crews </del>largely <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consisting </del>of reservists. However, the ''Naval Staff Monograph'' makes no mention of ''Monmouth's'' crew being mostly reservists, whilst stating that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">H.M.S. </del>''Good Hope<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'':</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many historians of the war at sea, including Geoffrey Bennett<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref>Bennett pp. 71-72</ref> Andrew Gordon<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref>Gordon. p. 21</ref> Paul Halpern<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref>Halpern. p. 92</ref> Richard Hough<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins><ref>Hough, p. 90</ref> and Robert Massie, who gives his source as being Paymaster [[Lloyd Hirst]] of HMS ''Glasgow'',<ref>Massie, pp. 203-4</ref> state that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the crews of </ins>''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consisted </ins>largely of reservists. However, the ''Naval Staff Monograph'' makes no mention of ''Monmouth's'' crew being mostly reservists, whilst stating that<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><blockquote></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'which </del>was the only [British] ship carrying heavy guns, was a third fleet ship which had been commissioned for mobilisation, then paid off and commissioned with a fresh crew consisting largely of Royal Naval Reserve men, coastguards, and men of the Royal Fleet Reserve'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 18.</ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>Good Hope<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </ins>was the only [British] ship carrying heavy guns, was a third fleet ship which had been commissioned for mobilisation, then paid off and commissioned with a fresh crew consisting largely of Royal Naval Reserve men, coastguards, and men of the Royal Fleet Reserve<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.'</ins>'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 18.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></blockquote></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the House of Commons on 23 December 1915 Commander [[Carlyon Wilfroy Bellairs|Carlyon Bellairs]] MP asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, [[Arthur James Balfour, First Earl of Balfour|Arthur J. Balfour]], if it were true that both ships had crews largely made up of reservists and whether or not their guns were fit for action. Balfour's reply, available online at Historic Hansard (accessed 12/2/20)[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17 ] was that:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the House of Commons on 23 December 1915 Commander [[Carlyon Wilfroy Bellairs|Carlyon Bellairs]] MP asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, [[Arthur James Balfour, First Earl of Balfour|Arthur J. Balfour]], if it were true that both ships had crews largely made up of reservists and whether or not their guns were fit for action. Balfour's reply, available online at Historic Hansard (accessed 12/2/20)[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17 ] was that:</div></td></tr>
</table>Tonehttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=296839&oldid=prevTone: /* Battle */2020-02-14T19:20:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Battle</span></span></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:20, 14 February 2020</td>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 123:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ''Queen'' (or ''London'') class pre-dreadnoughts were larger (15,000 tons) than ''Canopus'', but had a similar armament.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ''Queen'' (or ''London'') class pre-dreadnoughts were larger (15,000 tons) than ''Canopus'', but had a similar armament.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are three theories about Cradock's decision to seek battle. One, propounded by Luce, is that he 'was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action, if there was the slightest chance of success.'<Marder, p. 110</ref> Rear Admiral Sir Robert Arbuthnot said when he heard the news of Coronel that Cradock 'always hoped he would be killed in battle or break his neck in the hunting field.'<Marder, p. 115.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are three theories about Cradock's decision to seek battle. One, propounded by Luce, is that he 'was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action, if there was the slightest chance of success.'<<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref></ins>Marder, p. 110</ref> Rear Admiral Sir Robert Arbuthnot said when he heard the news of Coronel that Cradock 'always hoped he would be killed in battle or break his neck in the hunting field.'<Marder, p. 115.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another, put forward by ''Glasgow's'' navigator Lieutenant Commander [[Maurice Percy Berkeley Portman|Portman]], is that the Admiralty: 'as good as told him that he was skulking at Stanley...If we hadn't attacked that night, we might never have seen [Spee] again, and then the Admiralty would have blamed him for not fighting.'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter to Miss Ella Margaret Mary Haggard, 10 November 1914. p.369.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another, put forward by ''Glasgow's'' navigator Lieutenant Commander [[Maurice Percy Berkeley Portman|Portman]], is that the Admiralty: 'as good as told him that he was skulking at Stanley...If we hadn't attacked that night, we might never have seen [Spee] again, and then the Admiralty would have blamed him for not fighting.'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter to Miss Ella Margaret Mary Haggard, 10 November 1914. p.369.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Tonehttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=296838&oldid=prevTone: /* Battle */2020-02-14T19:19:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Battle</span></span></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
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<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:19, 14 February 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 109:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 109:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The firing that ''Glasgow'' had seen came from ''Nürnberg'' and was directed at the helpless ''Monmouth''. The German ship stopped firing for a period in order to give the British ship a chance to surrender, but she did not do so, giving the Germans, in the words of ''Naval Operations'', 'no choice...but to give her the only end that she would accept.'<ref>Corbett, p. 354</ref> The heavy seas made it impossible for the Germans to rescue any survivors.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The firing that ''Glasgow'' had seen came from ''Nürnberg'' and was directed at the helpless ''Monmouth''. The German ship stopped firing for a period in order to give the British ship a chance to surrender, but she did not do so, giving the Germans, in the words of ''Naval Operations'', 'no choice...but to give her the only end that she would accept.'<ref>Corbett, p. 354</ref> The heavy seas made it impossible for the Germans to rescue any survivors.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans had sunk two British armoured cruisers with the loss of all their 1,570 men. ''Glasgow'' was hit five times, but only four of crew were wounded, all slightly. Only three Germans were wounded. Naval History.net lists all the British dead.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>[https://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle-Battle_of_Coronel_1914.htm<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">#cas://www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">example.com link title]] </del>(accessed 12/2/20). It can be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seem </del>that few of ''Monmouth's'' crew were reservists of the Royal Fleet Reserve (RFR), Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) or Coast Guard. A significant proportion of Good Hope's crew were reservists, but not the 90% sometimes claimed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans had sunk two British armoured cruisers with the loss of all their 1,570 men. ''Glasgow'' was hit five times, but only four of crew were wounded, all slightly. Only three Germans were wounded. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Naval History.net lists all the British dead.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref></ins>[https://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle-Battle_of_Coronel_1914.htm <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NavalHistory</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">net </ins>(accessed 12/2/20)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref> </ins>It can be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seen </ins>that few of ''Monmouth's'' crew were reservists of the Royal Fleet Reserve (RFR), Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) or Coast Guard. A significant proportion of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Good Hope's<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>crew were reservists, but not the 90% sometimes claimed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The unanswered questions are what would have happened if Cradock's force had included either H.M.S. ''Defence'' or ''Canopus'' and why did he seek out the enemy when his squadron was so clearly out classed?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The unanswered questions are what would have happened if Cradock's force had included either H.M.S. ''Defence'' or ''Canopus'' and why did he seek out the enemy when his squadron was so clearly out classed?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 119:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 119:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possibility is that Spee might not have accepted battle with a force including a battleship. He wrote after the battle that he believed that the British:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possibility is that Spee might not have accepted battle with a force including a battleship. He wrote after the battle that he believed that the British:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'have <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">her </del>another ship like ''Monmouth''; also it seems, a battleship of the [[London Class Battleship (1899)|''Queen'']] type, with 12-inch guns. Against the last-named we can hardly do anything; if they had kept their forces together we should, I suppose, have got the worst of it.' <ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter of 2 November 1914, Kieler Nachrichten, 20 April 1915, p. 358.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">here </ins>another ship like ''Monmouth''; also it seems, a battleship of the [[London Class Battleship (1899)|''Queen'']] type, with 12-inch guns. Against the last-named we can hardly do anything; if they had kept their forces together we should, I suppose, have got the worst of it.' <ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter of 2 November 1914, Kieler Nachrichten, 20 April 1915, p. 358.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ''Queen'' (or ''London'') class pre-dreadnoughts were larger (15,000 tons) than ''Canopus'', but had a similar armament.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ''Queen'' (or ''London'') class pre-dreadnoughts were larger (15,000 tons) than ''Canopus'', but had a similar armament.</div></td></tr>
</table>Tonehttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=296832&oldid=prevTone at 13:38, 14 February 20202020-02-14T13:38:06Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:38, 14 February 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Admiralty had made a 'fairly accurate' estimate of Spee's movements.<ref>Corbett. p. 319.</ref> Cradock left the Falkland Islands in ''Good Hope'' on 22 October to rendezvous with ''Monmouth'', ''Glasgow'' and ''Otranto'' at a secret coaling base in south west America. He left Canopus to convoy colliers because he believed that her speed was only 12 knots. However, she was actually capable of 16.5 knots, but her 'Engineer Commander...was ill mentally...and made false reports on the state of the machinery.'<ref>Marder. Footnote 8. p. 107. </ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Admiralty had made a 'fairly accurate' estimate of Spee's movements.<ref>Corbett. p. 319.</ref> Cradock left the Falkland Islands in ''Good Hope'' on 22 October to rendezvous with ''Monmouth'', ''Glasgow'' and ''Otranto'' at a secret coaling base in south west America. He left Canopus to convoy colliers because he believed that her speed was only 12 knots. However, she was actually capable of 16.5 knots, but her 'Engineer Commander...was ill mentally...and made false reports on the state of the machinery.'<ref>Marder. Footnote 8. p. 107. </ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 26 October Cradock ordered ''Defence'' to join him, but the Admiralty countermanded this the next day, ordering her to join Stoddart. Churchill claimed that this telegram did not reach Stoddart and a note for the Cabinet said that it is 'not certain that this message reached Good Hope.' However, Paymaster Lloyd Hirst of Glasgow, whose ship did receive it, later wrote that it is 'practically certain' that it reached Cradock just before the battle.<ref>Marder. p. 108. Quoting Hirst L. ''Coronel and After'' (London, 1934~, p. 97, 131.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 26 October Cradock ordered ''Defence'' to join him, but the Admiralty countermanded this the next day, ordering her to join Stoddart. Churchill claimed that this telegram did not reach Stoddart and a note for the Cabinet said that it is 'not certain that this message reached Good Hope.' However, Paymaster <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Lloyd Hirst<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Glasgow<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, whose ship did receive it, later wrote that it is 'practically certain' that it reached Cradock just before the battle.<ref>Marder. p. 108. Quoting Hirst L. ''Coronel and After'' (London, 1934~, p. 97, 131.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Glasgow went to the port of Coronel in south west Chile to send and receive messages on 31 October. By the time that they reached the Admiralty Lord Fisher had been re-appointed First Sea Lord following the resignation of Prince Louis Battenberg on 29 October because of 'rising agitation in the Press against every one German or of German descent.'<ref>Corbett. p. 246</ref> Fisher ordered ''Defence'' to join Cradock and sent a signal making it 'clear that he was not to act without the ''Canopus''.'<ref>Corbett. p. 344.</ref> It never reached Cradock.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Glasgow went to the port of Coronel in south west Chile to send and receive messages on 31 October. By the time that they reached the Admiralty Lord Fisher had been re-appointed First Sea Lord following the resignation of Prince Louis Battenberg on 29 October because of 'rising agitation in the Press against every one German or of German descent.'<ref>Corbett. p. 246</ref> Fisher ordered ''Defence'' to join Cradock and sent a signal making it 'clear that he was not to act without the ''Canopus''.'<ref>Corbett. p. 344.</ref> It never reached Cradock.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Shortly after 1630, ''Leipzig'' sighted smoke and hauled out to Starboard to investigate.  At 1640, ''Glasgow'', having sighted and investigated smoke on the horizon, identified the enemy.  ''Otranto'', with ''Monmouth'' to the West, moved to support ''Glasgow'', which increased to full speed and shaped course for the flagship, over fifty miles away, while sending a wireless message to Cradock informing him that ''Leipzig'', ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisenau'' had been sighted.<ref>Bennett.  p. 26.</ref>  With plenty of sea room, Cradock could have turned South and fallen back on ''Canopus'', steaming North with two colliers.  He could not know that the Germans had steam only for 14 knots and were unaware of the presence of ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth''.<ref>Bennett.  p. 27.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Shortly after 1630, ''Leipzig'' sighted smoke and hauled out to Starboard to investigate.  At 1640, ''Glasgow'', having sighted and investigated smoke on the horizon, identified the enemy.  ''Otranto'', with ''Monmouth'' to the West, moved to support ''Glasgow'', which increased to full speed and shaped course for the flagship, over fifty miles away, while sending a wireless message to Cradock informing him that ''Leipzig'', ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisenau'' had been sighted.<ref>Bennett.  p. 26.</ref>  With plenty of sea room, Cradock could have turned South and fallen back on ''Canopus'', steaming North with two colliers.  He could not know that the Germans had steam only for 14 knots and were unaware of the presence of ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth''.<ref>Bennett.  p. 27.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At 4:20 pm on 1 November the British ships were in a line 15 miles apart when Glasgow sighted smoke. Shortly afterwards she could see two four funnelled cruisers  and a three funnelled cruiser. They were ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and a light cruiser. She informed Cradock, whose ship was then of sight, by wireless. ''Good Hope'' came into view at 5:00 pm, and at 5:47 pm Cradock formed his ships into line of battle and closed the range.<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At 4:20 pm on 1 November the British ships were in a line 15 miles apart when <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Glasgow<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>sighted smoke. Shortly afterwards she could see two four funnelled cruisers  and a three funnelled cruiser. They were ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and a light cruiser. She informed Cradock, whose ship was then of sight, by wireless. ''Good Hope'' came into view at 5:00 pm, and at 5:47 pm Cradock formed his ships into line of battle and closed the range.<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Spee acted more cautiously, later writing that he 'had manoeuvred so that the sun in the west would not disturb me.'<ref>Corbett. p. 349.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Spee acted more cautiously, later writing that he 'had manoeuvred so that the sun in the west would not disturb me.'<ref>Corbett. p. 349.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 75:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 75:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even without this tactical advantage, the odds in the battle hugely favoured the Germans. Their crews had served on their ships for years and were well trained. Many German sailors were conscripts, but Spee's men were all long service volunteers because of the time that their ships spent away from Germany. The crews of both British armoured cruisers had been assigned to their ships at the outbreak of war and neither ship had had much opportunity for gunnery practice.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even without this tactical advantage, the odds in the battle hugely favoured the Germans. Their crews had served on their ships for years and were well trained. Many German sailors were conscripts, but Spee's men were all long service volunteers because of the time that their ships spent away from Germany. The crews of both British armoured cruisers had been assigned to their ships at the outbreak of war and neither ship had had much opportunity for gunnery practice.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many historians of the war at sea, including Geoffrey Bennett<ref>Bennett pp. 71-72</ref>, Andrew Gordon<ref>Gordon. p. 21</ref>, Paul Halpern<ref>Halpern. p. 92</ref>, Richard Hough<ref>Hough, p. 90</ref> and Robert Massie, who gives his source as being Paymaster [[Lloyd Hirst]] of HMS ''Glasgow'',<ref>Massie, pp. 203-4</ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">  </del>state that ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth'' both had crews largely consisting of reservists. However, the ''Naval Staff Monograph'' makes no mention of ''Monmouth's'' crew being mostly reservists, whilst stating that H.M.S. ''Good Hope'':</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many historians of the war at sea, including Geoffrey Bennett<ref>Bennett pp. 71-72</ref>, Andrew Gordon<ref>Gordon. p. 21</ref>, Paul Halpern<ref>Halpern. p. 92</ref>, Richard Hough<ref>Hough, p. 90</ref> and Robert Massie, who gives his source as being Paymaster [[Lloyd Hirst]] of HMS ''Glasgow'',<ref>Massie, pp. 203-4</ref> state that ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth'' both had crews largely consisting of reservists. However, the ''Naval Staff Monograph'' makes no mention of ''Monmouth's'' crew being mostly reservists, whilst stating that H.M.S. ''Good Hope'':</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'which was the only [British] ship carrying heavy guns, was a third fleet ship which had been commissioned for mobilisation, then paid off and commissioned with a fresh crew consisting largely of Royal Naval Reserve men, coastguards, and men of the Royal Fleet Reserve'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 18.</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'which was the only [British] ship carrying heavy guns, was a third fleet ship which had been commissioned for mobilisation, then paid off and commissioned with a fresh crew consisting largely of Royal Naval Reserve men, coastguards, and men of the Royal Fleet Reserve'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 18.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the House of Commons on 23 December 1915 Commander [[Carlyon Wilfroy Bellairs|Carlyon Bellairs]] MP asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, [[Arthur James Balfour, First Earl of Balfour|Arthur J. Balfour]], if it <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was </del>true that both ships had crews largely made up of reservists and whether or not their guns were fit for action. Balfour's reply, available online at Historic Hansard (accessed 12/2/20)[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17 ] was that:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the House of Commons on 23 December 1915 Commander [[Carlyon Wilfroy Bellairs|Carlyon Bellairs]] MP asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, [[Arthur James Balfour, First Earl of Balfour|Arthur J. Balfour]], if it <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were </ins>true that both ships had crews largely made up of reservists and whether or not their guns were fit for action. Balfour's reply, available online at Historic Hansard (accessed 12/2/20)[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17 ] was that:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'These vessels were not commissioned entirely with reserve ratings. Each of them had on board not less than the authorised proportion of active service ratings; and, in fact, His Majesty's ship ''Monmouth'' had a crew composed almost entirely of active service men. No guns in these ships had been retubed: they were all serviceable.'</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'These vessels were not commissioned entirely with reserve ratings. Each of them had on board not less than the authorised proportion of active service ratings; and, in fact, His Majesty's ship ''Monmouth'' had a crew composed almost entirely of active service men. No guns in these ships had been retubed: they were all serviceable.'</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 119:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 119:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possibility is that Spee might not have accepted battle with a force including a battleship. He wrote after the battle that he believed that the British:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possibility is that Spee might not have accepted battle with a force including a battleship. He wrote after the battle that he believed that the British:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'have her another ship like ''Monmouth''; also it seems, a battleship of the ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{GB-</del>Queen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</del>'' type, with 12-inch guns. Against the last-named we can hardly do anything; if they had kept their forces together we should, I suppose, have got the worst of it.' <ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter of 2 November 1914, Kieler Nachrichten, 20 April 1915, p. 358.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'have her another ship like ''Monmouth''; also it seems, a battleship of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[London Class Battleship (1899)|</ins>''Queen''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>type, with 12-inch guns. Against the last-named we can hardly do anything; if they had kept their forces together we should, I suppose, have got the worst of it.' <ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter of 2 November 1914, Kieler Nachrichten, 20 April 1915, p. 358.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Queen class were larger (15,000 tons) than ''Canopus'', but had a similar armament.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Queen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' (or ''London'') </ins>class <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pre-dreadnoughts </ins>were larger (15,000 tons) than ''Canopus'', but had a similar armament.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are three theories about Cradock's decision to seek battle. One, propounded by Luce, is that he 'was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action, if there was the slightest chance of success.'<Marder, p. 110</ref> Rear Admiral Sir Robert Arbuthnot said when he heard the news of Coronel that Cradock 'always hoped he would be killed in battle or break his neck in the hunting field.'<Marder, p. 115.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are three theories about Cradock's decision to seek battle. One, propounded by Luce, is that he 'was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action, if there was the slightest chance of success.'<Marder, p. 110</ref> Rear Admiral Sir Robert Arbuthnot said when he heard the news of Coronel that Cradock 'always hoped he would be killed in battle or break his neck in the hunting field.'<Marder, p. 115.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Tonehttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=296831&oldid=prevMartin Gibson: /* Bibliography */2020-02-13T19:27:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Bibliography</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:27, 13 February 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Marder, Arthur (1965). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904-1919. Volume II.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Marder, Arthur (1965). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904-1919. Volume II.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Historic Hansard (1915). Loss of HMS ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth''. HC Deb 23 December 1915. Vol 77. c622W.[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Historic Hansard (1915). Loss of HMS ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth''. HC Deb 23 December 1915. Vol 77. c622W.[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Naval-History-Net.com. Royal Navy Casualties. Killed and Died. 1 November 1914.[https://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle-Battle_of_Coronel_1914.htm#cas]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{UKNSMonoI}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{UKNSMonoI}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{UKNSMonoIX}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*{{UKNSMonoIX}}</div></td></tr>
</table>Martin Gibsonhttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=296830&oldid=prevMartin Gibson: /* Battle */2020-02-13T19:09:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Battle</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:09, 13 February 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Shortly after 1630, ''Leipzig'' sighted smoke and hauled out to Starboard to investigate.  At 1640, ''Glasgow'', having sighted and investigated smoke on the horizon, identified the enemy.  ''Otranto'', with ''Monmouth'' to the West, moved to support ''Glasgow'', which increased to full speed and shaped course for the flagship, over fifty miles away, while sending a wireless message to Cradock informing him that ''Leipzig'', ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisenau'' had been sighted.<ref>Bennett.  p. 26.</ref>  With plenty of sea room, Cradock could have turned South and fallen back on ''Canopus'', steaming North with two colliers.  He could not know that the Germans had steam only for 14 knots and were unaware of the presence of ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth''.<ref>Bennett.  p. 27.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Shortly after 1630, ''Leipzig'' sighted smoke and hauled out to Starboard to investigate.  At 1640, ''Glasgow'', having sighted and investigated smoke on the horizon, identified the enemy.  ''Otranto'', with ''Monmouth'' to the West, moved to support ''Glasgow'', which increased to full speed and shaped course for the flagship, over fifty miles away, while sending a wireless message to Cradock informing him that ''Leipzig'', ''Scharnhorst'' and ''Gneisenau'' had been sighted.<ref>Bennett.  p. 26.</ref>  With plenty of sea room, Cradock could have turned South and fallen back on ''Canopus'', steaming North with two colliers.  He could not know that the Germans had steam only for 14 knots and were unaware of the presence of ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth''.<ref>Bennett.  p. 27.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At 4:20 pm on 1 November the British ships were in a line 15 miles apart when Glasgow sighted smoke. Shortly afterwards she could see two four funnelled cruisers  and a three funnelled cruiser. They were ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and a light cruiser. She informed Cradock, whose ship was then of sight, by wireless. Good Hope came into view at 5:00 pm, and at 5:47 pm Cradock formed his ships into line of battle and closed the range. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">  </del><ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At 4:20 pm on 1 November the British ships were in a line 15 miles apart when Glasgow sighted smoke. Shortly afterwards she could see two four funnelled cruisers  and a three funnelled cruiser. They were ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and a light cruiser. She informed Cradock, whose ship was then of sight, by wireless. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Good Hope<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>came into view at 5:00 pm, and at 5:47 pm Cradock formed his ships into line of battle and closed the range.<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Spee acted more cautiously, later writing that he 'had manoeuvred so that the sun in the west would not disturb me.'<ref>Corbett. p. 349.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Spee acted more cautiously, later writing that he 'had manoeuvred so that the sun in the west would not disturb me.'<ref>Corbett. p. 349.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Captain John Luce of ''Glasgow'' commented that:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Captain <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>John Luce<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of ''Glasgow'' commented that:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'The sun was now setting immediately behind us, as viewed from the enemy, and as long as it remained above the horizon, all the advantage was with us, but the range was too great to be effective...Shortly before 7:00 pm, the sun set, entirely changing the conditions of visibility, and whereas in the failing light it was difficult for us to see the enemy, our ships became clearly silhouetted against the afterglow, as viewed from them'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914.</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'The sun was now setting immediately behind us, as viewed from the enemy, and as long as it remained above the horizon, all the advantage was with us, but the range was too great to be effective...Shortly before 7:00 pm, the sun set, entirely changing the conditions of visibility, and whereas in the failing light it was difficult for us to see the enemy, our ships became clearly silhouetted against the afterglow, as viewed from them'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 75:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 75:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even without this tactical advantage, the odds in the battle hugely favoured the Germans. Their crews had served on their ships for years and were well trained. Many German sailors were conscripts, but Spee's men were all long service volunteers because of the time that their ships spent away from Germany. The crews of both British armoured cruisers had been assigned to their ships at the outbreak of war and neither ship had had much opportunity for gunnery practice.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even without this tactical advantage, the odds in the battle hugely favoured the Germans. Their crews had served on their ships for years and were well trained. Many German sailors were conscripts, but Spee's men were all long service volunteers because of the time that their ships spent away from Germany. The crews of both British armoured cruisers had been assigned to their ships at the outbreak of war and neither ship had had much opportunity for gunnery practice.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many historians of the war at sea, including Geoffrey Bennett<ref>Bennett pp. 71-72</ref>, Andrew Gordon<ref>Gordon. p. 21</ref>, Paul Halpern<ref>Halpern. p. 92</ref>, Richard Hough<ref>Hough, p. 90</ref> and Robert Massie, who gives his source as being Paymaster Lloyd Hirst of HMS ''Glasgow'',<ref>Massie, pp. 203-4</ref>  state that ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth'' both had crews largely consisting of reservists. However, the ''Naval Staff Monograph'' makes no mention of ''Monmouth's'' crew being mostly reservists, whilst stating that H.M.S. ''Good Hope'':</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many historians of the war at sea, including Geoffrey Bennett<ref>Bennett pp. 71-72</ref>, Andrew Gordon<ref>Gordon. p. 21</ref>, Paul Halpern<ref>Halpern. p. 92</ref>, Richard Hough<ref>Hough, p. 90</ref> and Robert Massie, who gives his source as being Paymaster <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Lloyd Hirst<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>of HMS ''Glasgow'',<ref>Massie, pp. 203-4</ref>  state that ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth'' both had crews largely consisting of reservists. However, the ''Naval Staff Monograph'' makes no mention of ''Monmouth's'' crew being mostly reservists, whilst stating that H.M.S. ''Good Hope'':</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'which was the only [British] ship carrying heavy guns, was a third fleet ship which had been commissioned for mobilisation, then paid off and commissioned with a fresh crew consisting largely of Royal Naval Reserve men, coastguards, and men of the Royal Fleet Reserve'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 18.</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'which was the only [British] ship carrying heavy guns, was a third fleet ship which had been commissioned for mobilisation, then paid off and commissioned with a fresh crew consisting largely of Royal Naval Reserve men, coastguards, and men of the Royal Fleet Reserve'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 18.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the House of Commons on 23 December 1915 Commander Carlyon Bellairs MP <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, Arthur J. Balfour, if it was true that both ships had crews largely made up of reservists and whether or not their guns were fit for action. Balfour's reply, available online at Historic Hansard (accessed 12/2/20)[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17 ] was that:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the House of Commons on 23 December 1915 Commander <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Carlyon <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wilfroy </ins>Bellairs<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|Carlyon Bellairs]] </ins>MP asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Arthur James Balfour, First Earl of Balfour|</ins>Arthur J. Balfour<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, if it was true that both ships had crews largely made up of reservists and whether or not their guns were fit for action. Balfour's reply, available online at Historic Hansard (accessed 12/2/20)[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17 ] was that:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'These vessels were not commissioned entirely with reserve ratings. Each of them had on board not less than the authorised proportion of active service ratings; and, in fact, His Majesty's ship ''Monmouth'' had a crew composed almost entirely of active service men. No guns in these ships had been retubed: they were all serviceable.'</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'These vessels were not commissioned entirely with reserve ratings. Each of them had on board not less than the authorised proportion of active service ratings; and, in fact, His Majesty's ship ''Monmouth'' had a crew composed almost entirely of active service men. No guns in these ships had been retubed: they were all serviceable.'</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 107:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Luce's intention was to find ''Canopus'' and warn her of what had happened. ''Otranto'' also escaped. The action had taken place beyond the range of her guns, and she was a large ship, whose presence in the British line would have done nothing except help the Germans to find their range. After zigzagging for a period, she withdrew.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Luce's intention was to find ''Canopus'' and warn her of what had happened. ''Otranto'' also escaped. The action had taken place beyond the range of her guns, and she was a large ship, whose presence in the British line would have done nothing except help the Germans to find their range. After zigzagging for a period, she withdrew.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The firing that ''Glasgow'' had seen came from ''Nürnberg'' and was directed at the helpless ''Monmouth''. The German ship stopped firing for a period in order to give the British ship a chance to surrender, but she did not do so, giving the Germans, in the words of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the British Official History</del>, 'no choice...but to give her the only end that she would accept.'<ref>Corbett, p. 354</ref> The heavy seas made it impossible for the Germans to rescue any survivors.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The firing that ''Glasgow'' had seen came from ''Nürnberg'' and was directed at the helpless ''Monmouth''. The German ship stopped firing for a period in order to give the British ship a chance to surrender, but she did not do so, giving the Germans, in the words of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Naval Operations''</ins>, 'no choice...but to give her the only end that she would accept.'<ref>Corbett, p. 354</ref> The heavy seas made it impossible for the Germans to rescue any survivors.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans had sunk two British armoured cruisers with the loss of all their 1,570 men. ''Glasgow'' was hit five times, but only four of crew were wounded, all slightly. Only three Germans were wounded. Naval History.net lists all the British dead.[[https://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle-Battle_of_Coronel_1914.htm#cas://www.example.com link title]] It can be seem that few of ''Monmouth's'' crew were reservists of the Royal Fleet Reserve (RFR), Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) or Coast Guard. A significant proportion of Good Hope's crew were reservists, but not the 90% sometimes claimed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Germans had sunk two British armoured cruisers with the loss of all their 1,570 men. ''Glasgow'' was hit five times, but only four of crew were wounded, all slightly. Only three Germans were wounded. Naval History.net lists all the British dead.[[https://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle-Battle_of_Coronel_1914.htm#cas://www.example.com link title]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(accessed 12/2/20). </ins>It can be seem that few of ''Monmouth's'' crew were reservists of the Royal Fleet Reserve (RFR), Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) or Coast Guard. A significant proportion of Good Hope's crew were reservists, but not the 90% sometimes claimed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The unanswered questions are what would have happened if Cradock's force had included either H.M.S. ''Defence'' or ''Canopus'' and why did he seek out the enemy when his squadron was so clearly out classed?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The unanswered questions are what would have happened if Cradock's force had included either H.M.S. ''Defence'' or ''Canopus'' and why did he seek out the enemy when his squadron was so clearly out classed?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 119:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 119:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possibility is that Spee might not have accepted battle with a force including a battleship. He wrote after the battle that he believed that the British:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possibility is that Spee might not have accepted battle with a force including a battleship. He wrote after the battle that he believed that the British:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'have her another ship like ''Monmouth''; also it seems, a battleship of the ''Queen'' type, with 12-inch guns. Against the last-named we can hardly do anything; if they had kept their forces together we should, I suppose, have got the worst of it.' <ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter of 2 November 1914, Kieler Nachrichten, 20 April 1915, p. 358.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'have her another ship like ''Monmouth''; also it seems, a battleship of the ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{GB-</ins>Queen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>'' type, with 12-inch guns. Against the last-named we can hardly do anything; if they had kept their forces together we should, I suppose, have got the worst of it.' <ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter of 2 November 1914, Kieler Nachrichten, 20 April 1915, p. 358.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Queen class were larger (15,000 tons) than ''Canopus'', but had a similar armament.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Queen class were larger (15,000 tons) than ''Canopus'', but had a similar armament.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 125:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 125:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are three theories about Cradock's decision to seek battle. One, propounded by Luce, is that he 'was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action, if there was the slightest chance of success.'<Marder, p. 110</ref> Rear Admiral Sir Robert Arbuthnot said when he heard the news of Coronel that Cradock 'always hoped he would be killed in battle or break his neck in the hunting field.'<Marder, p. 115.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are three theories about Cradock's decision to seek battle. One, propounded by Luce, is that he 'was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action, if there was the slightest chance of success.'<Marder, p. 110</ref> Rear Admiral Sir Robert Arbuthnot said when he heard the news of Coronel that Cradock 'always hoped he would be killed in battle or break his neck in the hunting field.'<Marder, p. 115.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another, put forward by ''Glasgow's'' navigator Lieutenant Commander <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">P. B. </del>Portman, is that the Admiralty: 'as good as told him that he was skulking at Stanley...If we hadn't attacked that night, we might never have seen [Spee] again, and then the Admiralty would have blamed him for not fighting.'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter to Miss Ella Margaret Mary Haggard, 10 November 1914. p.369<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ref></del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another, put forward by ''Glasgow's'' navigator Lieutenant Commander <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Maurice Percy Berkeley </ins>Portman<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|Portman]]</ins>, is that the Admiralty: 'as good as told him that he was skulking at Stanley...If we hadn't attacked that night, we might never have seen [Spee] again, and then the Admiralty would have blamed him for not fighting.'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter to Miss Ella Margaret Mary Haggard, 10 November 1914. p.369.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cradock is known to have written to another admiral that 'I will take care I do not suffer the fate of poor Troubridge', who was then facing court martial for not having attacked S.M.S. {{GE-Goeben}}.<ref>Marder, p. 111</del>.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cradock is known to have written to another admiral that 'I will take care I do not suffer the fate of poor [[Ernest Charles Thomas Troubridge|Troubridge]]', who was then facing court martial for not having attacked S.M.S. {{DE-Goeben}}.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The final, and most common, theory is that Cradock realised that realised that his squadron had no chance against Spee's, but thought that that by damaging the Germans and forcing them to use up ammunition a long way from any base he could ensure that they would be beaten in the next action. If so, he partly succeeded: the Germans suffered little damage, but ''Scharnhorst'' used 422 8.2 inch shells and ''Gneisenau'' 244 out of a total of 728 carried on each ship.<ref>Marder, p. 118.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The final, and most common, theory is that Cradock realised that realised that his squadron had no chance against Spee's, but thought that that by damaging the Germans and forcing them to use up ammunition a long way from any base he could ensure that they would be beaten in the next action. If so, he partly succeeded: the Germans suffered little damage, but ''Scharnhorst'' used 422 8.2 inch shells and ''Gneisenau'' 244 out of a total of 728 carried on each ship.<ref>Marder, p. 118.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Subscribers to this theory include Admiral Sir Reginald Bacon, Balfour in his eulogy when unveiling Cradock's memorial at York Minster, Sir Julian Corbett, who quotes Balfour's eulogy in the ''Naval Operations,'' Churchill<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>Hirst <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and David Lloyd George</del>.<ref>Marder p.111</ref> It was also put forward in a film called ''The Battles of Coronel and the Falkland Islands'' that was made in 1927 and restored and re-released in 2014, the hundredth anniversary of the battles.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Subscribers to this theory include Admiral <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Reginald Hugh Spencer Bacon|</ins>Sir Reginald Bacon<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, Balfour in his eulogy when unveiling Cradock's memorial at York Minster, Sir Julian Corbett, who quotes Balfour's eulogy in the ''Naval Operations,'' Churchill <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>Hirst.<ref>Marder p.111</ref> It was also put forward in a film called ''The Battles of Coronel and the Falkland Islands'' that was made in 1927 and restored and re-released in 2014, the hundredth anniversary of the battles.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Whatever Cradock's motivation, the blame for the defeat should rest with the Admiralty. It knew the strength of Spee's squadron and that it was heading for South America. However, it ignored the military principle of concentration, establishing two weak squadrons in the area instead of combining Cradock and Stoddart's forces into a single squadron capable of defeating Spee.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Whatever Cradock's motivation, the blame for the defeat should rest with the Admiralty. It knew the strength of Spee's squadron and that it was heading for South America. However, it ignored the military principle of concentration, establishing two weak squadrons in the area instead of combining Cradock and Stoddart's forces into a single squadron capable of defeating Spee.</div></td></tr>
</table>Martin Gibsonhttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=296829&oldid=prevMartin Gibson: /* Background */2020-02-13T18:33:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Background</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:33, 13 February 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 12 October ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and ''Nürnberg'' were at Easter Island, a remote Chilean possession where they could coal in security. The light cruiser S.M.S. ''Dresden'', which had been stationed in the Caribbean before the war, was already there. Two days later they were joined by ''Leipzig''; her appearance off San Francisco on 11 August and erroneous rumours that she was accompanied by ''Nürnberg'' 'paralysed the movements of [British] shipping from Vancouver to Panama.' However, the German ship was unable to stay for long, as an engagement with even an inferior British cruiser might leave her needing to put into a neutral port for repairs and thus be interned.<ref>Fayle. pp. 163-64.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 12 October ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and ''Nürnberg'' were at Easter Island, a remote Chilean possession where they could coal in security. The light cruiser S.M.S. ''Dresden'', which had been stationed in the Caribbean before the war, was already there. Two days later they were joined by ''Leipzig''; her appearance off San Francisco on 11 August and erroneous rumours that she was accompanied by ''Nürnberg'' 'paralysed the movements of [British] shipping from Vancouver to Panama.' However, the German ship was unable to stay for long, as an engagement with even an inferior British cruiser might leave her needing to put into a neutral port for repairs and thus be interned.<ref>Fayle. pp. 163-64.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The British learned from an intercepted radio communication in early October of Spee's plan to prey upon shipping in the crucial trading routes along the west coast of South America. Patrolling in the area at that time was Admiral Cradock's West Indies Squadron, consisting of two armoured cruisers, {{UK-GoodHope|f=p}} (Cradock's flagship) and {{UK-Monmouth|f=p}}, the modern {{UK-1Glasgow|f=t}}, and the {{UK-Otranto|f=pt}}.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The British learned from an intercepted radio communication in early October of Spee's plan to prey upon shipping in the crucial trading routes along the west coast of South America. Patrolling in the area at that time was Admiral <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Christopher George Francis Maurice Cradock|Sir Christopher </ins>Cradock's<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>West Indies Squadron, consisting of two armoured cruisers, {{UK-GoodHope|f=p}} (Cradock's flagship) and {{UK-Monmouth|f=p}}, the modern {{UK-1Glasgow|f=t}}, and the {{UK-Otranto|f=pt}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cradock's fleet was by no means modern or particularly strong, and most of the crew were inexperienced.  Spee had a formidable force of five vessels, led by the armoured cruisers [[S.M.S. Scharnhorst (1906)|S.M.S. ''Scharnhorst'']] and [[S.M.S. Gneisenau (1906)|S.M.S. ''Gneisenau'']] plus a further three light cruisers, all modern ships with officers handpicked by Grand Admiral [[Alfred von Tirpitz]].  Nevertheless Cradock was ordered to confront Spee.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cradock's fleet was by no means modern or particularly strong, and most of the crew were inexperienced.  Spee had a formidable force of five vessels, led by the armoured cruisers [[S.M.S. Scharnhorst (1906)|S.M.S. ''Scharnhorst'']] and [[S.M.S. Gneisenau (1906)|S.M.S. ''Gneisenau'']] plus a further three light cruisers, all modern ships with officers handpicked by Grand Admiral [[Alfred von Tirpitz]].  Nevertheless Cradock was ordered to confront Spee.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, two days later he was told the German armoured cruisers had been seen at Samoa on 14 September and had left heading north west. He was now told that '[c]ruisers need not now be concentrated' and 'the German trade on the west coast of America was to be attacked at once.'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 20.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, two days later he was told the German armoured cruisers had been seen at Samoa on 14 September and had left heading north west. He was now told that '[c]ruisers need not now be concentrated' and 'the German trade on the west coast of America was to be attacked at once.'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 20.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 14 October the Admiralty informed Cradock that it had accepted his proposal that he should concentrate ''Good Hope'', ''Monmouth'', ''Canopus'', ''Glasgow'' and ''Otranto'' and that a second cruiser squadron should be formed on the east coast of South America. It would be commanded by Rear Admiral Archibald Stoddart and would consist of his flagship the ''County'' class armoured cruiser H.M.S. ''Carnarvon'', her sister H.M.S. ''Cornwall'', the light cruiser H.M.S. ''Bristol'' and the armed merchant cruisers H.M.S. ''Macedonia'' and ''Orama''. H.M.S. ''Defence'' would join Stoddart's squadron when she arrived.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 14 October the Admiralty informed Cradock that it had accepted his proposal that he should concentrate ''Good Hope'', ''Monmouth'', ''Canopus'', ''Glasgow'' and ''Otranto'' and that a second cruiser squadron should be formed on the east coast of South America. It would be commanded by Rear Admiral <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Archibald <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Peile </ins>Stoddart<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|Archibald Stoddart]] </ins>and would consist of his flagship the ''County'' class armoured cruiser H.M.S. ''Carnarvon'', her sister H.M.S. ''Cornwall'', the light cruiser H.M.S. ''Bristol'' and the armed merchant cruisers H.M.S. ''Macedonia'' and ''Orama''. H.M.S. ''Defence'' would join Stoddart's squadron when she arrived.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to the ''Naval Staff Monograph'' on Coronel, a detailed report prepared by RN staff officers after the war for internal use only:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to the ''Naval Staff Monograph'' on Coronel, a detailed report prepared by RN staff officers after the war for internal use only:</div></td></tr>
</table>Martin Gibsonhttp://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php?title=Battle_of_Coronel&diff=296811&oldid=prevMartin Gibson: /* Battle */2020-02-12T21:52:26Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Battle</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:52, 12 February 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 79:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 79:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'which was the only [British] ship carrying heavy guns, was a third fleet ship which had been commissioned for mobilisation, then paid off and commissioned with a fresh crew consisting largely of Royal Naval Reserve men, coastguards, and men of the Royal Fleet Reserve'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 18.</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'which was the only [British] ship carrying heavy guns, was a third fleet ship which had been commissioned for mobilisation, then paid off and commissioned with a fresh crew consisting largely of Royal Naval Reserve men, coastguards, and men of the Royal Fleet Reserve'<ref>Naval Staff. Naval Staff Monograph. Volume I. Monograph 1.—Coronel. p. 18.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the House of Commons on 23 December 1915 Commander Carlyon Bellairs MP  asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, Arthur J. Balfour, if it was true that both ships had crews largely made up of reservists and whether or not their guns were fit for action. Balfour's reply, available online at Historic Hansard (accessed 12/2/20) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was that:</del>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17 ]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the House of Commons on 23 December 1915 Commander Carlyon Bellairs MP  asked the First Lord of the Admiralty, Arthur J. Balfour, if it was true that both ships had crews largely made up of reservists and whether or not their guns were fit for action. Balfour's reply, available online at Historic Hansard (accessed 12/2/20)[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1915/dec/23/loss-of-hms-good-hope-and-monmouth#S5CV0077P0_19151223_CWA_17 ] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was that:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'These vessels were not commissioned entirely with reserve ratings. Each of them had on board not less than the authorised proportion of active service ratings; and, in fact, His Majesty's ship ''Monmouth'' had a crew composed almost entirely of active service men. No guns in these ships had been retubed: they were all serviceable.'</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'These vessels were not commissioned entirely with reserve ratings. Each of them had on board not less than the authorised proportion of active service ratings; and, in fact, His Majesty's ship ''Monmouth'' had a crew composed almost entirely of active service men. No guns in these ships had been retubed: they were all serviceable.'</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 127:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 127:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another, put forward by ''Glasgow's'' navigator Lieutenant Commander P. B. Portman, is that the Admiralty: 'as good as told him that he was skulking at Stanley...If we hadn't attacked that night, we might never have seen [Spee] again, and then the Admiralty would have blamed him for not fighting.'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter to Miss Ella Margaret Mary Haggard, 10 November 1914. p.369.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another, put forward by ''Glasgow's'' navigator Lieutenant Commander P. B. Portman, is that the Admiralty: 'as good as told him that he was skulking at Stanley...If we hadn't attacked that night, we might never have seen [Spee] again, and then the Admiralty would have blamed him for not fighting.'<ref>The National Archives. ADM 137/1022. Coronel Action, 1 November 1914. Letter to Miss Ella Margaret Mary Haggard, 10 November 1914. p.369.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cradock is known to have written to another admiral that 'I will take care I do not suffer the fate of poor Troubridge', who was then facing court martial for not having attacked S.M.S. {GE-Goeben}}.<ref>Marder, p. 111.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cradock is known to have written to another admiral that 'I will take care I do not suffer the fate of poor Troubridge', who was then facing court martial for not having attacked S.M.S. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{</ins>{GE-Goeben}}.<ref>Marder, p. 111.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The final, and most common, theory is that Cradock realised that realised that his squadron had no chance against Spee's, but thought that that by damaging the Germans and forcing them to use up ammunition a long way from any base he could ensure that they would be beaten in the next action. If so, he partly succeeded: the Germans suffered little damage, but ''Scharnhorst'' used 422 8.2 inch shells and ''Gneisenau'' 244 out of a total of 728 carried on each ship.<ref>Marder, p. 118.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The final, and most common, theory is that Cradock realised that realised that his squadron had no chance against Spee's, but thought that that by damaging the Germans and forcing them to use up ammunition a long way from any base he could ensure that they would be beaten in the next action. If so, he partly succeeded: the Germans suffered little damage, but ''Scharnhorst'' used 422 8.2 inch shells and ''Gneisenau'' 244 out of a total of 728 carried on each ship.<ref>Marder, p. 118.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Martin Gibson