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[[File:ARTS1918Plate108.jpg|thumb|300px| '''Clear Range Indicator Mark III'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Plate 108.</ref>]]
[[File:ARTS1918Plate108.jpg|thumb|300px| '''Clear Range Indicator Mark III'''{{ARTS1918|Plate 108}}]]  
[[File:ARTS1918Plate117.jpg|thumb|300px| '''Clear Range Indicator Mark IV'''<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', Plate 117.</ref>]]  
The '''Clear Range Indicator''' was a British [[Torpedo Control|torpedo-control]] instrument developed in a series of Marks.
The '''Clear Range Indicator''' was a British [[Torpedo Control|torpedo-control]] instrument developed in a series of Marks.


Two designs, which appear to be those of Marks I and II, were discussed in the ''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916'', having been outlined in .<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916'', p. 27. (T.O. 39/1916)</ref>
Apparently, these were first described in Torpedo Order No. 12 of 1916.{{GFGTO|No. 133}}


These were supplied to "all modern ships" by the end of 1917.  One was apparently fitted to the holding down ring of the [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark II]], and a third type was added to the spindle of the [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark III|T.D.S. Mark III]], an arrangement that was found to be more compact and convenient.<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917'', p. 195.</ref> Even the Spartan [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark VI|T.D.S. Mark VI]] had one.
Two designs, which appear to be those of Marks I and II, were discussed in the ''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916''.{{ARTS1916|p. 27.  (T.O. 39/1916)}}
 
These were supplied to "all modern ships" by the end of 1917.  One was apparently fitted to the holding down ring of the [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark II]], and a third type was added to the spindle of the [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark III|T.D.S. Mark III]], an arrangement that was found to be more compact and convenient.{{ARTS1917|p. 195}} Even the Spartan [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark VI|T.D.S. Mark VI]] had one.


==Mark I==
==Mark I==
This original model was for use in conning towers.<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 165.</ref> It appears that it was separate from the director or sight, and had a graduated disc that could allow the gyro angle to be read off.<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916'', p. 27.</ref>
This original model was for use in conning towers.{{ARTS1918|p. 165}} It appears that it was separate from the director or sight, and had a graduated disc that could allow the gyro angle to be read off.{{ARTS1916|p. 27}}


==Mark II==
==Mark II==
This model was for use with [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark II]].<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 165.</ref>
This model was for use with [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark II]].{{ARTS1918|p. 165}}


==Mark III==
==Mark III==
This model was for use with [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark III]] and could also help determine how much of a course alteration would be required to bring the sights on.<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 165.</ref>
This model was for use with [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark III]] and could also help determine how much of a course alteration would be required to bring the sights on.{{ARTS1918|p. 165}}


==Mark IV==
==Mark IV==
<small>([[Clear Range Indicator Mark IV|main article]])</small>
[[File:ARTS1918Plate117.jpg|thumb|300px| '''Clear Range Indicator Mark IV'''{{ARTS1918|Plate 117}}]]
Probably created in 1918 or so, this was a new model was for use in conning towers with restricted arcs.  It could serve the functions of the previous Marks but also show "the arcs between which torpedoes can be fired in connection with the restricted arcs of 70 degrees to 110 degrees" as well as the [[Gyro Angle|torpedo gyro angles]] corresponding to those limits.{{ARTS1918|p. 165}}
 
C.I.O. 228/21 approved the supply of an additional Mark IV to those capital ships fitted with certain types of torpedo control positions as detailed in C.M.O. 3/20.{{ARTS1921|p. 141}}
 
==Mark V==
[[File:ARTS1921Plate47.jpg|thumb|300px| '''Clear Range Indicator Mark V'''{{ARTS1921|Plate 47}}]]
[[File:ARTS1921Page141Fig.jpg|thumb|300px| '''Geometry of Mark V'''{{ARTS1921|p. 141}}]]
In 1921, this was still in the design stage.  The option of departing from the speed triangle basis used in previous Marks in favour of a range-time basis similar to the "own fleet fittings" on the [[Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type F]] was considered in the hopes of obtaining easy use as a clear range indicator, but discarded as likely to produce a device too difficult to set, and not being amenable to alternative applications as a "safe arc restriction" and "adjacent ship restriction" calculator.{{ARTS1921|pp. 141-2}}
 
When used as a clear range indicator, two "own fleet bars" provided to set a minimum own speed of 8 knots on 8 knots per inch scaling, and the torpedo bar featured a double backsight to judge the incurred risk should the torpedo run to gyro angle set or 10&deg; abaft that.
 
Where the Mark IV device had had to be rearranged from its adjustment as a clear range indicator to set it as a safe arc indicator, the Mark V would have red-coloured sectors attached to the torpedo bar, extending to 60&deg; on either side, eliminating this defect.  The operator would know that it was unsafe to fire if the red sector overlay the line ahead or astern in whole or in part.
 
For use as an adjacent ship restriction indicator, a green fixed arc extending from 180 to 160 degrees was provided (two would be required if the final design was not "sided").
 
The Mark V was going to be made so it could fit on the top plate of the [[Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark V*|T.D.S. Mark V*]] or used within a conning tower.
 
==Mark VII==
By 1927, there was a Mark VII device, and possibly later ones.  Earlier Marks were still in use, as well.<ref>Admiralty Fleet Order 1372.(N.S. 582/27.&mdash;20.5.1927)</ref>
 
===Design===
A fixed base plate graduated in degrees on each side of the beam up to 60 degrees was placed on a stand atop its three legs, secured by a central screw.  A milled wheel could rotate a ring graduated in gyro compass bearings to the own ship's current heading.  The 60 degree figure was capable of accommodating torpedo tube angles up to 20 degrees from the beam and a maximum 40 degree gyro angle.
 
Above this ring were two plates overlapping the edge of the gyro compass ring, each with an arm.  The first is graduated in speed of torpedo and has an index permitting its position to be read against the base plate.  The second arm was marked in speed of own fleet.  The trucks for reading these scales were equipped with sight pointers sticking upward.  Both plates were "cut away on the edge over angles of 70 to 110 degrees from the line of the graduated arm."  The central pivot acted, in addition to the pointers on the torpedo and fleet arms, as a third sighting element.{{ARTS1918|p. 166}}
 
In 1919, issues caused by friction between the two clear discs were resolved by adding a small ball race between them.  In the same time frame, the permissible arcs of firing torpedoes were enlarged from 70-110 to 60-120 degrees, requiring existing discs to have an addition 10 degrees cut away on both sides of the "Speed of Torpedo" and "Speed of Own Fleet" discs, making an arc of 60 rather than 40 degrees.{{ARTS1919|p. 114 (C.I.O. 526/19, G. 4070/19-11.4.1919)}}
 
===Use to Clear Range Indicator===
The torpedo speed would be set on the torpedo arm, and the speed of the fastest ship in one's own fleet set upon the own fleet arm.  The torpedo arm would be rotated to the graduation on the base plate along which the torpedo was to run and the "own fleet" bar oriented to parallel the course of the friendly ship.  The user would then sight between the torpedo arm and own fleet arm pointers, and "if friendly ship is on the torpedo bar side of the line of sight she is foul".{{ARTS1918|p. 166.  The editor is not sure he understands the last quoted sentence}}


This was a new model was for use in conning towers with restricted arcs.  It could serve the functions of the previous Marks but also:<ref>''Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918'', p. 165.</ref>
===Use to Indicate Clear Arcs===
* show "the arcs between which torpedoes can be fired in connection with the restricted arcs of 70 degrees to 110 degrees."
The device could also serve indicate clear arcs from 70 to 110 degrees and their corresponding gyro angles.  The user would point one bar at a friendly ship on the quarter, using the central pivot bar and the pointer on that arm.  The second arm would be similarly pointed at a friendly ship on the bow.  The milled knob would then be used to turn the gyro bearing ring to the ship's head arrow on the after side of the instrument (two ship's head arrows were provided so the device could work for either port or starboard). Note where the gaps in the arm plates do not obscure the gyro bearing ring; these values indicate the clear gyro bearings. Looking below these values to the base plate scale indicates the angles from the beam on which torpedoes may be fired.{{ARTS1918|p. 166.  The editor is not sure he understands this functionality}}
* the [[Gyro Angle|torpedo gyro angles]] corresponding to those limits


==See Also==
==See Also==
Line 30: Line 59:
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{BibUKHandbookOfTorpedoControl1916}}
*{{HTC1916}}
*{{BibUKARTS1917}}
*{{ARTS1917}}
*{{BibUKARTS1918}}
*{{ARTS1918}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


[[Category:Torpedo Control]]
[[Category:Torpedo Control]]
[[Category:Shipboard Equipment]]
[[Category:Shipboard Equipment]]

Latest revision as of 17:17, 16 October 2014

Clear Range Indicator Mark III[1]

The Clear Range Indicator was a British torpedo-control instrument developed in a series of Marks.

Apparently, these were first described in Torpedo Order No. 12 of 1916.[2]

Two designs, which appear to be those of Marks I and II, were discussed in the Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916.[3]

These were supplied to "all modern ships" by the end of 1917. One was apparently fitted to the holding down ring of the Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark II, and a third type was added to the spindle of the T.D.S. Mark III, an arrangement that was found to be more compact and convenient.[4] Even the Spartan T.D.S. Mark VI had one.

Mark I

This original model was for use in conning towers.[5] It appears that it was separate from the director or sight, and had a graduated disc that could allow the gyro angle to be read off.[6]

Mark II

This model was for use with Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark II.[7]

Mark III

This model was for use with Torpedo Deflection Sight Mark III and could also help determine how much of a course alteration would be required to bring the sights on.[8]

Mark IV

Clear Range Indicator Mark IV[9]

Probably created in 1918 or so, this was a new model was for use in conning towers with restricted arcs. It could serve the functions of the previous Marks but also show "the arcs between which torpedoes can be fired in connection with the restricted arcs of 70 degrees to 110 degrees" as well as the torpedo gyro angles corresponding to those limits.[10]

C.I.O. 228/21 approved the supply of an additional Mark IV to those capital ships fitted with certain types of torpedo control positions as detailed in C.M.O. 3/20.[11]

Mark V

Clear Range Indicator Mark V[12]
Geometry of Mark V[13]

In 1921, this was still in the design stage. The option of departing from the speed triangle basis used in previous Marks in favour of a range-time basis similar to the "own fleet fittings" on the Renouf Torpedo Tactical Instrument Type F was considered in the hopes of obtaining easy use as a clear range indicator, but discarded as likely to produce a device too difficult to set, and not being amenable to alternative applications as a "safe arc restriction" and "adjacent ship restriction" calculator.[14]

When used as a clear range indicator, two "own fleet bars" provided to set a minimum own speed of 8 knots on 8 knots per inch scaling, and the torpedo bar featured a double backsight to judge the incurred risk should the torpedo run to gyro angle set or 10° abaft that.

Where the Mark IV device had had to be rearranged from its adjustment as a clear range indicator to set it as a safe arc indicator, the Mark V would have red-coloured sectors attached to the torpedo bar, extending to 60° on either side, eliminating this defect. The operator would know that it was unsafe to fire if the red sector overlay the line ahead or astern in whole or in part.

For use as an adjacent ship restriction indicator, a green fixed arc extending from 180 to 160 degrees was provided (two would be required if the final design was not "sided").

The Mark V was going to be made so it could fit on the top plate of the T.D.S. Mark V* or used within a conning tower.

Mark VII

By 1927, there was a Mark VII device, and possibly later ones. Earlier Marks were still in use, as well.[15]

Design

A fixed base plate graduated in degrees on each side of the beam up to 60 degrees was placed on a stand atop its three legs, secured by a central screw. A milled wheel could rotate a ring graduated in gyro compass bearings to the own ship's current heading. The 60 degree figure was capable of accommodating torpedo tube angles up to 20 degrees from the beam and a maximum 40 degree gyro angle.

Above this ring were two plates overlapping the edge of the gyro compass ring, each with an arm. The first is graduated in speed of torpedo and has an index permitting its position to be read against the base plate. The second arm was marked in speed of own fleet. The trucks for reading these scales were equipped with sight pointers sticking upward. Both plates were "cut away on the edge over angles of 70 to 110 degrees from the line of the graduated arm." The central pivot acted, in addition to the pointers on the torpedo and fleet arms, as a third sighting element.[16]

In 1919, issues caused by friction between the two clear discs were resolved by adding a small ball race between them. In the same time frame, the permissible arcs of firing torpedoes were enlarged from 70-110 to 60-120 degrees, requiring existing discs to have an addition 10 degrees cut away on both sides of the "Speed of Torpedo" and "Speed of Own Fleet" discs, making an arc of 60 rather than 40 degrees.[17]

Use to Clear Range Indicator

The torpedo speed would be set on the torpedo arm, and the speed of the fastest ship in one's own fleet set upon the own fleet arm. The torpedo arm would be rotated to the graduation on the base plate along which the torpedo was to run and the "own fleet" bar oriented to parallel the course of the friendly ship. The user would then sight between the torpedo arm and own fleet arm pointers, and "if friendly ship is on the torpedo bar side of the line of sight she is foul".[18]

Use to Indicate Clear Arcs

The device could also serve indicate clear arcs from 70 to 110 degrees and their corresponding gyro angles. The user would point one bar at a friendly ship on the quarter, using the central pivot bar and the pointer on that arm. The second arm would be similarly pointed at a friendly ship on the bow. The milled knob would then be used to turn the gyro bearing ring to the ship's head arrow on the after side of the instrument (two ship's head arrows were provided so the device could work for either port or starboard). Note where the gaps in the arm plates do not obscure the gyro bearing ring; these values indicate the clear gyro bearings. Looking below these values to the base plate scale indicates the angles from the beam on which torpedoes may be fired.[19]

See Also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. Plate 108.
  2. ↑ Grand Fleet Gunnery and Torpedo Orders. No. 133.
  3. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916. p. 27. (T.O. 39/1916).
  4. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. p. 195.
  5. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 165.
  6. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1916. p. 27.
  7. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 165.
  8. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 165.
  9. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. Plate 117.
  10. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 165.
  11. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1921. p. 141.
  12. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1921. Plate 47.
  13. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1921. p. 141.
  14. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1921. pp. 141-2.
  15. ↑ Admiralty Fleet Order 1372.(N.S. 582/27.—20.5.1927)
  16. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 166.
  17. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1919. p. 114 (C.I.O. 526/19, G. 4070/19-11.4.1919).
  18. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 166. The editor is not sure he understands the last quoted sentence.
  19. ↑ Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. p. 166. The editor is not sure he understands this functionality.

Bibliography

  • Admiralty, Gunnery Branch (1917). Handbook of Torpedo Control, 1916. C.B. 302. Copy No. 141 at The National Archives. ADM 186/381.
  • H.M.S. Vernon. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1917. Originally C.B. 1474. Copy 7 at The National Archives. ADM 189/37.
  • H.M.S. Vernon. Annual Report of the Torpedo School, 1918. C.B. 1527. Copy 143 at The National Archives. ADM 189/38.

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