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The '''Syndicate of Discontent''' was a label given to the opposition to Admiral of the Fleet [[John Arbuthnot Fisher, First Baron Fisher|Lord Fisher]] during his first term as [[First Sea Lord]] from 1904 to 1910. | [[File:Fisher, NPG x12902.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Admiral of the Fleet The Right Honourable Lord Fisher, 1916.<br><small>Portrait: © National Portrait Gallery, London.</small>]] | ||
The '''Syndicate of Discontent''' was a label given to the opposition to Admiral of the Fleet [[John Arbuthnot Fisher, First Baron Fisher|Lord Fisher]] during his first term as [[First Sea Lord]] from 1904 to 1910. This opposition was not organised, yet has been portrayed by historians as a monolithic bloc opposing Fisher and his reforms at the [[Admiralty]], and damned as being "discontented"<ref>Parkinson. ''Dreadnought''. p. 149.</ref> or even "wrong-minded".<ref>Lambert. ''Admirals''. p. 315.</ref> | |||
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<blockquote>A naval friend in the enemy's camp told me the day before yesterday that the "Syndicate of Discontent" (as they call these Naval Adullamites!) were now about to redouble their efforts against the Admiralty.<ref>''Fear God and Dread Nought''. '''Volume II'''. p. 110.</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>A naval friend in the enemy's camp told me the day before yesterday that the "Syndicate of Discontent" (as they call these Naval Adullamites!) were now about to redouble their efforts against the Admiralty.<ref>''Fear God and Dread Nought''. '''Volume II'''. p. 110.</ref></blockquote> | ||
This | This is the first recorded mention of a Syndicate. The term was clearly not Fisher's, yet he is occasionally credited as its inventor.<ref name="Halpern">Halpern. "Syndicate of discontent (act. 1904–1910)."</ref> Just five days after he wrote this a letter from [[William Henry White|Sir William White]], lately [[Director of Naval Construction]], appeared in ''The Times'' under the pseudonym "Civis", which read in part: | ||
<blockquote>Already the engines of vessels at sea are being directly controlled from the bridge as in a motor-car, and the efforts of all the members of the syndicate of discontent cannot arrest the scientific evolution of the Fleet, the substance of which has been co-ordinated by one great brain.<ref>"Naval Discipline", ''The Times'', 8 Jan. 1907, p. 5.</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>Already the engines of vessels at sea are being directly controlled from the bridge as in a motor-car, and the efforts of all the members of the syndicate of discontent cannot arrest the scientific evolution of the Fleet, the substance of which has been co-ordinated by one great brain.<ref>"Naval Discipline", ''The Times'', 8 Jan. 1907, p. 5.</ref></blockquote> | ||
That White is generally included in the Syndicate is | That White is then generally included in the Syndicate demonstrates how foolish it is to try and assign it any definite membership or organisation.<ref name="Marder">Marder. ''From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow''. '''I'''. p. 77.</ref><ref name=Lambert>Lambert. ''The Foundations of Naval History''. p. 197.</ref> Leadership is generally ascribed to Admiral [[Charles William de la Poer Beresford, First Baron Beresford|Lord Charles Beresford]], later Lord Beresford (''not'' "Sir Charles Beresford" as written by Paul Halpern). Essentially anyone who opposed any of Fisher's reforms, or his methods, is described by historians as a member. Some, such as Admiral of the Fleet [[Hedworth Meux|Sir Hedworth Meux]] and Admiral [[Charles Cooper Penrose FitzGerald|C. C. Penrose FitzGerald]], were former friends. In 1915 Fisher wrote of the latter, "This is an Admiral who from being a close friend became my ''malignant'' enemy!"<ref>''Fear God and Dread Nought''. '''Volume II'''. p. 112n.</ref> Admiral of the Fleet [[Rosslyn Erskine Wemyss, First Baron Wester Wemyss|Lord Wester Wemyss]], who as a Captain worked closely with Fisher in naval education is apparently included because of a seething hatred he later expressed in his memoirs. | ||
If anyone who opposed Fisher is included in the Syndicate then there are some strange omissions, such as Admiral of the Fleet [[Louis Alexander Mountbatten, First Marquess of Milford Haven|the Marquess of Milford Haven]], who left the [[Naval Intelligence Department (Royal Navy)|Naval Intelligence Department]] prematurely rather than work with Fisher, and Admiral [[Henry Hervey Campbell|Sir Henry H. Campbell]] and Captain [[Arthur Russell Hulbert|Arthur R. Hulbert]] of the same department who assisted Beresford in 1909. There are no doubt many more. | |||
Members are said to have included: | Members are said to have included: | ||
*Admiral [[Charles William de la Poer Beresford, First Baron Beresford|Lord Beresford]]<ref name=Marder/> | *Admiral [[Charles William de la Poer Beresford, First Baron Beresford|Lord Beresford]].<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Admiral [[Cyprian Arthur George Bridge|Sir Cyprian A. G. Bridge]] | *Admiral [[Cyprian Arthur George Bridge|Sir Cyprian A. G. Bridge]].<ref name=Halpern/> | ||
*L. Cope Cornford<ref name=Marder/> | *L. Cope Cornford.<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Admiral [[Michael Culme-Seymour, Third Baronet|Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, Bart.]]<ref name=Lambert/> | *Admiral [[Michael Culme-Seymour, Third Baronet|Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, Bart.]]<ref name=Lambert/> | ||
*Admiral [[Reginald Neville Custance|Sir Reginald N. Custance]]<ref name=Marder/> | *Admiral [[Reginald Neville Custance|Sir Reginald N. Custance]].<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Admiral of the Fleet [[Arthur Dalrymple Fanshawe|Sir Arthur D. Fanshawe]]<ref name=Lambert/> | *Admiral of the Fleet [[Arthur Dalrymple Fanshawe|Sir Arthur D. Fanshawe]].<ref name=Lambert/> | ||
*Admiral [[Charles Cooper Penrose FitzGerald|C. C. Penrose FitzGerald]] | *Admiral [[Charles Cooper Penrose FitzGerald|C. C. Penrose FitzGerald]]. | ||
*Admiral [[Edmund Robert Fremantle|The Hon. Sir Edmund R. Fremantle]]<ref name=Lambert/> | *Admiral [[Edmund Robert Fremantle|The Hon. Sir Edmund R. Fremantle]].<ref name=Lambert/> | ||
*Admiral [[Richard Vesey Hamilton|Sir R. Vesey Hamilton]]<ref name=Marder/> | *Admiral [[Richard Vesey Hamilton|Sir R. Vesey Hamilton]].<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Admiral of the Fleet [[Walter Talbot Kerr|Lord Walter Kerr]]<ref name=Lambert/> | *Admiral of the Fleet [[Walter Talbot Kerr|Lord Walter Kerr]].<ref name=Lambert/> | ||
*Lady Londonderry.<ref name=Marder/> | *Lady Londonderry.<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Admiral [[Albert Hastings Markham|Sir Albert H. Markham]]<ref name=Lambert/> | *Admiral [[Albert Hastings Markham|Sir Albert H. Markham]].<ref name=Lambert/> | ||
*Sir Clements R. Markham.<ref name=Lambert/> | *Sir Clements R. Markham.<ref name=Lambert/> | ||
*Admiral of the Fleet [[Hedworth Meux|Sir Hedworth Meux]], born Lambton.<ref name=Marder/> | *Admiral of the Fleet [[Hedworth Meux|Sir Hedworth Meux]], born Lambton.<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Admiral of the Fleet [[Gerard Henry Uctred Noel|Sir Gerard H. U. Noel]] | *Admiral of the Fleet [[Gerard Henry Uctred Noel|Sir Gerard H. U. Noel]].<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Lieutenant-Colonel Charles à C. Repington | *Lieutenant-Colonel Charles à C. Repington, Military Correspondent of ''The Times''.<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Admiral of the Fleet [[Frederick William Richards|Sir Frederick W. Richards]]<ref name=Marder/> | *Admiral of the Fleet [[Frederick William Richards|Sir Frederick W. Richards]].<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*Admiral of the Fleet [[Edward Hobart Seymour|Sir Edward H. Seymour]]<ref name=Lambert/> | *Admiral of the Fleet [[Edward Hobart Seymour|Sir Edward H. Seymour]].<ref name=Lambert/> | ||
*Lord Sydenham<ref name=Marder/> | *Lord Sydenham.<ref name=Marder/> | ||
*[[William Henry White|Sir William H. White]]<ref name=Marder/> | *Admiral of the Fleet [[Frederick Charles Doveton Sturdee, First Baronet|Sir F. C. Doveton Sturdee, Bart.]]<ref name=Halpern/> | ||
* | *Admiral of the Fleet [[Rosslyn Erskine Wemyss, First Baron Wester Wemyss|Lord Wester Wemyss]].<ref name=Halpern/> | ||
*[[William Henry White|Sir William H. White]].<ref name=Marder/> | |||
*Spencer Wilkinson, Military Correspondent of the ''Morning Post''.<ref name=Marder/> | |||
*Herbert W. Wilson, Naval Correspondent of the ''Daily Mail''.<ref name=Marder/> | |||
==Footnotes== | ==Footnotes== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 50: | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
*{{FGDNII}} | *{{FGDNII}} | ||
*Halpern, Paul G. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-96386. "Syndicate of discontent (act. 1904–1910)."] ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. | |||
*Lambert, Andrew (1998). ''The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession''. London: Chatham Publishing. | *Lambert, Andrew (1998). ''The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession''. London: Chatham Publishing. | ||
*Lambert, Andrew (2008). ''Admirals: The Naval Officers Who Made Britain Great''. London: Faber and Faber Limited. | |||
*{{MarderFDSFI}} | *{{MarderFDSFI}} | ||
*Parkinson, Roger (2015). ''Dreadnought: The Ship That Changed the World''. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. | |||
{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
Latest revision as of 17:43, 29 January 2018
The Syndicate of Discontent was a label given to the opposition to Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher during his first term as First Sea Lord from 1904 to 1910. This opposition was not organised, yet has been portrayed by historians as a monolithic bloc opposing Fisher and his reforms at the Admiralty, and damned as being "discontented"[1] or even "wrong-minded".[2]
Fisher wrote to an unidentified correspondent on 3 January 1907:
A naval friend in the enemy's camp told me the day before yesterday that the "Syndicate of Discontent" (as they call these Naval Adullamites!) were now about to redouble their efforts against the Admiralty.[3]
This is the first recorded mention of a Syndicate. The term was clearly not Fisher's, yet he is occasionally credited as its inventor.[4] Just five days after he wrote this a letter from Sir William White, lately Director of Naval Construction, appeared in The Times under the pseudonym "Civis", which read in part:
Already the engines of vessels at sea are being directly controlled from the bridge as in a motor-car, and the efforts of all the members of the syndicate of discontent cannot arrest the scientific evolution of the Fleet, the substance of which has been co-ordinated by one great brain.[5]
That White is then generally included in the Syndicate demonstrates how foolish it is to try and assign it any definite membership or organisation.[6][7] Leadership is generally ascribed to Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, later Lord Beresford (not "Sir Charles Beresford" as written by Paul Halpern). Essentially anyone who opposed any of Fisher's reforms, or his methods, is described by historians as a member. Some, such as Admiral of the Fleet Sir Hedworth Meux and Admiral C. C. Penrose FitzGerald, were former friends. In 1915 Fisher wrote of the latter, "This is an Admiral who from being a close friend became my malignant enemy!"[8] Admiral of the Fleet Lord Wester Wemyss, who as a Captain worked closely with Fisher in naval education is apparently included because of a seething hatred he later expressed in his memoirs.
If anyone who opposed Fisher is included in the Syndicate then there are some strange omissions, such as Admiral of the Fleet the Marquess of Milford Haven, who left the Naval Intelligence Department prematurely rather than work with Fisher, and Admiral Sir Henry H. Campbell and Captain Arthur R. Hulbert of the same department who assisted Beresford in 1909. There are no doubt many more.
Members are said to have included:
- Admiral Lord Beresford.[6]
- Admiral Sir Cyprian A. G. Bridge.[4]
- L. Cope Cornford.[6]
- Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, Bart.[7]
- Admiral Sir Reginald N. Custance.[6]
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur D. Fanshawe.[7]
- Admiral C. C. Penrose FitzGerald.
- Admiral The Hon. Sir Edmund R. Fremantle.[7]
- Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton.[6]
- Admiral of the Fleet Lord Walter Kerr.[7]
- Lady Londonderry.[6]
- Admiral Sir Albert H. Markham.[7]
- Sir Clements R. Markham.[7]
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir Hedworth Meux, born Lambton.[6]
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir Gerard H. U. Noel.[6]
- Lieutenant-Colonel Charles à C. Repington, Military Correspondent of The Times.[6]
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir Frederick W. Richards.[6]
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edward H. Seymour.[7]
- Lord Sydenham.[6]
- Admiral of the Fleet Sir F. C. Doveton Sturdee, Bart.[4]
- Admiral of the Fleet Lord Wester Wemyss.[4]
- Sir William H. White.[6]
- Spencer Wilkinson, Military Correspondent of the Morning Post.[6]
- Herbert W. Wilson, Naval Correspondent of the Daily Mail.[6]
Footnotes
- ↑ Parkinson. Dreadnought. p. 149.
- ↑ Lambert. Admirals. p. 315.
- ↑ Fear God and Dread Nought. Volume II. p. 110.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Halpern. "Syndicate of discontent (act. 1904–1910)."
- ↑ "Naval Discipline", The Times, 8 Jan. 1907, p. 5.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 Marder. From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow. I. p. 77.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Lambert. The Foundations of Naval History. p. 197.
- ↑ Fear God and Dread Nought. Volume II. p. 112n.
Bibliography
- Fisher of Kilverstone, Lord (1956). Marder, Arthur J.. ed. Fear God and Dread Nought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone: Years of Power, 1904-1912. Volume II. London: Jonathan Cape.
- Halpern, Paul G. "Syndicate of discontent (act. 1904–1910)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- Lambert, Andrew (1998). The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession. London: Chatham Publishing.
- Lambert, Andrew (2008). Admirals: The Naval Officers Who Made Britain Great. London: Faber and Faber Limited.
- Marder, Arthur J. (1961). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904-1919: The Road to War, 1904-1914. Volume I. London: Oxford University Press.
- Parkinson, Roger (2015). Dreadnought: The Ship That Changed the World. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
